TABLE 1.
Preclinical nanomedicine for liver fibrosis.
| Targeted structure | Nanoparticle formulation | Target cell, effects | Model | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PDGFRβ | HMGB1-siRNA@SNALP-pPB | HSC, reduced proliferation, anti-inflammatory | TAA/CCl4-induced cirrhosis | Zhang et al. (2020) |
| pPB-SSL-IFN-γ | HSC, inhibited proliferation, decreased fibrosis | TAA induced fibrosis | Li et al. (2012) | |
| GNR-AbPDGFRβ | HSC, decreased fibrosis, hepatic inflammation, and hepatocyte injury | CCl4-induced fibrosis | Ribera et al. (2021) | |
| Sigma-1 receptor | AEAA-pRLN-LPD NPs | HSC, deactivated HSC, macrophage phenotype switch | CCl4-induced fibrosis, MCD- or CDAHFD-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis | Hu et al. (2021) |
| Integrin αvβ3 | Vismodegib-cRGDyK-liposomes | HSC, inhibited hedgehog pathway signaling, reduced fibrosis | BDL/TAA induced fibrosis | Li et al. (2019) |
| GMO-and miR-29b-loaded cRGD-PEG-PLGA NPs | HSC, cytotoxicity to aHSCs, inhibited production of collagen type Ⅰ | CCl4-induced fibrosis | Ji et al. (2020) | |
| RBP | CGPVMs | HSC, inhibit collagen I accumulation | CCl4-induced fibrosis | Qiao et al. (2018) |
| siCol1α1/siTIMP-1 VLNPs | HSC, promote collagen degradation, and inhibit collagen synthesis | CCl4-induced fibrosis | Qiao et al. (2020) | |
| CD44 | DOX-RA-CS micelles | HSC, downregulated collagen I production | CCl4-induced fibrosis | Luo et al. (2019) |
| HA-UCNP@mSiO2@RBS | HSC, HSC apoptosis, liver fibrosis relief | CCl4-induced fibrosis | Liang et al. (2020) | |
| Mannose receptor | TNF-α siRNA MTC NPs | Macrophage, reduced TNF-α production | LPS/d-GalN-induced hepatic injury | He et al. (2013) |
| PS | Cur-mNLCs | Macrophage, reduced fibrosis, increased HGF, and MMP2 | CCl4 treated rat model | Wang et al. (2018) |
| ASGPR | ASGPR targeting tracer | Hepatocyte, quantify, and stage liver fibrosis | CCl4-induced fibrosis | Zhang et al. (2016) |
| P-SPIONs | Hepatocyte, early diagnosis of liver fibrosis | CCl4-induced fibrosis | Saraswathy et al. (2021) | |
| Passive target | S1PR2-siRNA GeRP | Macrophages, decreased NLRP3 inflammasome activation, attenuated hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis | BDL/MCDHF/CCl4-induced fibrosis | Hou et al. (2020) |
| TSG-6@CaP@BSA NPs | Macrophage, M2 polarization, increased MMP12 expression | CCl4-induced fibrosis | Wang et al. (2020) | |
| PD-MC | Multiple cell types, reduced hepatocyte apoptosis, averted activation of macrophages, and HSCs | CCl4-induced fibrosis | Lin et al. (2020) |
Abbreviations: PDGFRβ, platelet-derived growth factor receptor β; HMGB1, high mobility group box-1; SNALP, stable nucleic acid lipid nanoparticles; pPB, “C*SRNLIDC*” (peptide vs. PDGFβR); HSC, hepatic stellate cell; TAA, thioacetamide; CCl4, carbon tetrachloride; SSLs, sterically stable liposomes; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; GNR-AbPDGFRβ, PDGFRβ-antibody-conjugated gold nanorods; AEAA, aminoethyl anisamide; pRLN, plasmid DNA (pDNA) that encoded RLN; LPD, lipid–protamine–DNA; MCD, methionine-choline-deficient; CDAHFD, choline-deficient, l-amino acid-defined high-fat diet; cRGDyK, Cyclo [Arg-Gly-Asp-DTyr-Lys]; BDL, bile duct ligation; GMO, germacrone; PEG-PLGA, poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(lactide-co-glycolide); RBP, retinol binding protein; CGPVMs, silybin/siCol1α1 co-loaded core-shell polymer micelles; VLNPs, vitamin A-decorated and hyperbranched lipoid-based lipid nanoparticles; DOX, doxorubicin; RA, retinoic acid; CS, chondroitin sulfate; HA, hyaluronic acid; UCNP, upconversion nanoparticle; mSiO2, mesoporous silica; RBS, Roussin’s black salt; MTC, Mannose-modified trimethyl chitosan-cysteine; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; d-GalN, d-galactosamine; PS, phosphatidylserine; Cur, curcumin; mNLCs, PS-modified nanostructured lipid carriers; HGF, hepatocyte growth factors; ASGPR, asialoglycoprotein receptor; P-SPIONs, pullulan stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles; S1PR2, sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2; GeRP, glucan–encapsulated siRNA particle; NLRP3, NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3; TSG-6, tumor necrosis factor stimulated gene 6; CaP, calcium phosphate; BSA, bovine serum albumin; MMP12, matrix metalloproteinase 12; PD‐MC, polydatin‐loaded micelle.