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. 2022 Jan 11;12:771944. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.771944

TABLE 1.

Effect of meal frequency pattern on metabolic parameters.

DXA (N = 11)
Difference 3 meals/day 1 meal/day
Total body weight (kg) –0.5 ± 0.3 –1.4 ± 0.3*
Fat mass (kg) –0.1 ± 0.2 –0.7 ± 0.2*
Lean mass (kg) –0.3 ± 0.3 –0.7 ± 0.3
Fat-free mass (kg) –0.3 ± 0.3 –0.7 ± 0.3
Bone mineral density (g/cm2) 0.003 ± 0.01 –0.005 ± 0.01
Resting energy expenditure (N = 11) 3 meals/day 1 meal/day
REE (kcal/day) 1,919 ± 146 1,778 ± 86
RQ 0.84 ± 0.02 0.82 ± 0.01
Plasma lipids and transaminases (N = 11) 3 meals/day 1 meal/day
Triglycerides (mM) 0.7 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.0
Cholesterol (mM) 4.2 ± 0.3 4.5 ± 0.2
HDL-C (mM) 1.6 ± 0.2 1.6 ± 0.1
LDL-C (mM) 2.4 ± 0.2 2.8 ± 0.2*
Triglycerides/HDL-C ratio 0.5 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.03
AST (U/L) 24.1 ± 1 29 ± 2
ALT (U/L) 28 ± 3 33 ± 5

*p ≤ 0.05 assessed with a paired t-test when data was normally distributed or otherwise the Wilcoxon sign-ranked test.

DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; N, number of participants included in statistical analysis and displayed in table; REE, resting energy expenditure; RQ, respiratory quotient; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase. Data is presented as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM).

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