TABLE 1.
Effect of meal frequency pattern on metabolic parameters.
DXA (N = 11) | ||
Difference | 3 meals/day | 1 meal/day |
Total body weight (kg) | –0.5 ± 0.3 | –1.4 ± 0.3* |
Fat mass (kg) | –0.1 ± 0.2 | –0.7 ± 0.2* |
Lean mass (kg) | –0.3 ± 0.3 | –0.7 ± 0.3 |
Fat-free mass (kg) | –0.3 ± 0.3 | –0.7 ± 0.3 |
Bone mineral density (g/cm2) | 0.003 ± 0.01 | –0.005 ± 0.01 |
Resting energy expenditure (N = 11) | 3 meals/day | 1 meal/day |
REE (kcal/day) | 1,919 ± 146 | 1,778 ± 86 |
RQ | 0.84 ± 0.02 | 0.82 ± 0.01 |
Plasma lipids and transaminases (N = 11) | 3 meals/day | 1 meal/day |
Triglycerides (mM) | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.0 |
Cholesterol (mM) | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 4.5 ± 0.2 |
HDL-C (mM) | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.1 |
LDL-C (mM) | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 2.8 ± 0.2* |
Triglycerides/HDL-C ratio | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.03 |
AST (U/L) | 24.1 ± 1 | 29 ± 2 |
ALT (U/L) | 28 ± 3 | 33 ± 5 |
*p ≤ 0.05 assessed with a paired t-test when data was normally distributed or otherwise the Wilcoxon sign-ranked test.
DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; N, number of participants included in statistical analysis and displayed in table; REE, resting energy expenditure; RQ, respiratory quotient; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase. Data is presented as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM).