Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population.
| Discovery cohort COVID-19 | Validation cohort COVID-19 | Discovery cohort CAP | Validation cohort CAP | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total n = 38 | Mild n = 20 | Severe n = 18 | Total n = 85 | Mild n = 43 | Severe n = 42 | n = 9[2] [22.2%] | n= 24 | |
| Age | 59.5 (51–69) | 59 (49.5-69.5) | 59.5 (51–38) | 64 (55–76) | 58 (51–68) | 72 (61–83) | 62 (59–72) | 66.5 (60.5-80) |
| Sex (male) | 23 (60.52) | 12 (60) | 11 (61.11) | 35 (41.18) | 13 (30.23) | 22 (52.38) | 4 (44.44) | 14 (58.33) |
| Days post onset of symptoms | 9.5 (7–13) | 10 (7.5-14) | 8.5 (5–11) | 9 (6–12) | 9 (7–13) | 8 (6–12) | 10 (4–15) | 6 (3-12.5) |
| Ethnicity (Caucasian) | 26 (68.42) | 13 (65) | 13 (72.22) | 63 (74.1) | 31 (72.09) | 32 (76.19) | 6 (66.67) | 22 (95.65) |
| CURB65 | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0-1.5) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (1–2) | 2.5 (1–4) |
| Comorbidities | 29 (76.32) | 15 (75) | 14 (77.78) | 59 (69.41) | 25 (58.14) | 34 (80.95) | 5 (55.56) | 19 (76) |
| HBP | 13 (34.21) | 8 (40) | 5 (27.78) | 36 (42.35) | 13 (30.23) | 23 (54.76) | 2 (22.22) | 11 (45.83) |
| DM | 3 (7.89) | 0 (0) | 3 (16.67) | 19 (22.35) | 5 (11.63) | 14 (33.33) | 1 (11.11) | 0 (0) |
| DL | 11 (28.95) | 7 (35) | 4 (22.22) | 39 (45.88) | 17 (39.53) | 22 (52.38) | 2 (22.22) | 6 (25) |
| CD | 10 (26.32) | 5 (25) | 5 (27.78) | 9 (10.59) | 3 (6.98) | 6 (14.29) | 1 (11.11) | 2 (8.33) |
| COPD | 2 (5.26) | 0 (0) | 2 (11.11) | 8 (9.41) | 3 (6.98) | 5 (11.90) | 2 (22.22) | 5 (20.83) |
| Asthma | 3 (7.89) | 1 (5) | 2 (11.11) | 2 (2.35) | 2 (4.65) | 0 (0) | 1 (11.11) | 1 (4.17) |
| Immuno -deficiency |
4 (10.53) | 3 (15) | 1 (5.56) | 1 (1.18) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.38) | 0 (0) | 2 (8.33) |
| Acute treatment | 38 (100) | 20 (100) | 18 (100) | 82 (96.47) | 40 (93.02) | 42 (100) | 7 (77.78) | 24 (100) |
| Lopinavir/ ritonavir |
25 (65.78) | 11 (55) | 14 (82.35) | 52 (61.18) | 28 (65.12) | 24 (57.14) | – | – |
| Hydroxy-chloroquine | 33 (86.84) | 18 (90) | 15 (88.24) | 81 (95.29) | 40 (93.02) | 41 (97.62) | – | – |
| Antibiotics* | 26 (68.42) | 15 (75) | 11 (64.71) | 69 (81.17) | 37 (86.05) | 32 (76.19) | 7 (77.78) | 24 (100) |
| Beta lactam | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 (33.33) | 15 (62.5) |
| Quinolone | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4 (44.44) | 3 (12.5) |
| Macrolide (Clarithromycin/ Azithromycin) |
26 (68.42) | 15 (75) | 11 (64.71) | 69 (81.17) | 37 (86.05) | 32 (76.19) | 2 (22.22) | 20 (83.33) |
| Isolated pathogen | ||||||||
| SARS-CoV-2 | 38 (100) | 20 (100) | 18 (100) | 85 (100) | 43 (100) | 42 (100) | – | – |
| Unknown | – | – | – | – | – | – | 7 (77.78) | 20 (80) |
| S. aureus | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 (11.11) | 1 (4) |
| S. pneumoniae | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 (11.11) | 3 (12) |
All categorical variables are expressed as absolute count (percentage) and quantitative variables as median (Interquartile range). Missing data in each group of patients are expressed as [number] [percentage]. *CAP patients could be treated simultaneously with more than one type of antibiotic.
HBP, high blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; DL, dyslipidemia; CD, cardiovascular disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; S. aureus, Staphylococcus aureus; S. pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae.