Table 1.
Performance of typical antiviral/antibacterial materials prepared in masks
| Types of masks | Preparation | Performance | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Filtration efficiency | Fitness | ||||
| Surgical mask | Nonwoven melt blown and spun bonding | >95% filtration efficiency for aerosol particles | General fit | [79, 81] | |
| N95 level respirators | Nonwoven melt blown and spun bonding | >95% filtration efficiency for aerosol particles | Good fit | [5, 79] | |
| Cloth mask | Homemade using various fabrics | Dependent on structure and materials | General fit | [35, 90] | |
| 3D‐Printed mask | Design models and 3D printing | Generally, <95% filtration efficiency for aerosol particles | Good fit but air leakage at interfaces | [132, 140] | |
| Nanofiber mask | Melt spraying, electrostatic spinning or multi‐component fiber spinning | Better filtration efficiency for fine aerosols than common surgical masks and N95 level respirators | General fit | [70, 154] | |
| Metal‐Based particles mask | Au nanoparticles (NPs) | Chemical reduction | 92% viral infection reduction after 6 h | [174, 305] | |
| Ag NPs | Electrochemical | The cell survival rate reaches 98% after the infected cells cultured in 100 ppm Ag NPs for 48h | [183, 305] | ||
| Ag2O|AgO NPs | Algae biosynthesized | 90% reduction in cytopathic effect (CPE) of HSV‐1 after applying Ag2O|AgO NPs and Au NPs | [187] | ||
| Cu NPs | Coating | Under solar illumination, rapidly increase to >70°C and destruct the membrane of nanosized (∼100 nm) virus‐like particles | [188] | ||
| CuO NPs | Surface modification | Five orders of magnitude improvement in killing viruses compared to N95 | [190, 305] | ||
| TiO2 | Sonochemical | Extraordinary antiviral efficiency against NDV at a certain concentration | [192, 305] | ||
| Salt‐recrystallization | Natural salt recrystallization | A 100% survival rate of mice exposed to the virus penetrated through the salt‐coated filters | [198] | ||
| SiO2‐AgNPs | Aerosolize | The average anti‐viral efficiency of the commercial air filter reached ∼92% after coated with the aerosolized SiO2‐Ag NPs by a dry aerosol‐coating method | [199] | ||
| Graphene‐related | Graphene | Laser‐Induced | The inhibition rate of graphene against bacteria was about 81%; Combined with the photothermal effect, LIG can achieve 99.998% bacterial inactivation efficiency in 10 minutes, and the virucidal efficacy against HCoV‐229E and HCoV‐OC43 can achieve 95% and 97.5% respectively. | [205, 206] | |
| Graphene Oxide | Oxidation | The inhibition rate of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was about 75% and 45%, respectively | [218] | ||
| Metal organic framework (MOF) | Chemical | Air filters made with zinc‐imidazolate MOF (ZIF‐8) achieved a photocatalytic killing efficiency of > 99.99% for bacteria within 30 min | [247] | ||
| Bio‐based/herbal extracts | Licorice | Extraction | The capture and inhibition properties of licorice root cause rapid inactivation of the virus | [262] | |
| Herbal Extract Incorporated Nanofiber Fabricated | Electrospinning | With 99.99% filtration efficiency and 99.98% antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis | [273] | ||
| Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) mask | Implant TENG layers into masks | >95% filtration efficiency | [290, 291, 292] | ||