Figure 8.

A) Illustration of experimental procedures for measuring Hb and HbA1c levels in human blood. Reproduced with permission.^{[ 75 ]} Copyright 2016, Elsevier B.V. B) Schematic presentation of the synthesis of photoluminescent glucose nanosensor GOx‐NPs. Reproduced with permission.^{[ 64 ]} Copyright 2015, Elsevier B.V. C) Illustration of the procedures for preparing QAMs and glucose detection. QAMs, QD (CdTe quantum dots)‐Au NP@silica mesoporous microspheres. Reproduced with permission.^{[ 65 ]} Copyright 2014, Elsevier B.V. D) Mechanism of CD quenching by the GOx/HRP bioenzyme system. HRP, horseradish peroxidase. Reproduced with permission.^{[ 71 ]} Copyright 2018, Elsevier B.V. E) Schematic illustration of simultaneous exfoliation and functionalization of WS₂ nanosheets with B‐PVA and B‐PVA‐WS₂ nanosheet based optical sensors for selective detection of HbA1c. B‐PVA‐WS₂, boronic acid‐modified poly(vinyl alcohol)‐functionalized WS₂ nanosheets. Reproduced with permission.^{[ 67 ]} Copyright 2018, WILEY‐VCH. F) Schematic presentation of sensing mechanism for GOx‐SWCNTs. Reproduced with permission.^{[ 69 ]} Copyright 2017, Wiley‐VCH. G) Schematic presentation of luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET)‐based immunosensor: (Left) In the absence of HbA1c; (Right) In the presence of HbA1c. Reproduced with permission.^{[ 77 ]} Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. H) Schematic illustration of experimental processes for measuring Hb and HbA1c. Reproduced with permission.^{[ 79 ]} Copyright 2015, Elsevier B.V. I) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of Au‐ND metal surface and corresponding flow chart for glucose detection based on the Au‐ND/glucose/Ag NPs sandwich structure. ND, nanodisk. Reproduced with permission.^{[ 73 ]} Copyright 2020, Royal Society of Chemistry. J) Assay process for measuring clinical levels of insulin and HbA1c in 20 × dilute whole blood in PBS. PBS, phosphate buffer saline. Reproduced with permission.^{[ 80 ]} Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society.