FIG 5.

IFA staining of SARS-CoV-2 infected hamster brain. (A) IFA for the neuron marker NeuN (green) and SARS-CoV-2 NP (red). NP was detected in NeuN⁺ neurons (arrows). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). (B) IFA for the microglial cell marker Iba-1 (green) and SARS-CoV-2 NP (red). NP costaining in Iba-1⁺ cells is shown by arrows. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). (C) Iba-1 (green) and GFAP (pink) markers for microgliosis and astrogliosis, respectively, in uninfected and infected brain sections and viral NP (red) using IFA. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). (D) Costaining for the microglial cell marker Iba-1 (green) and the neuron marker NeuN (red). Neurophagia is indicated by the arrows. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). (E) ISH staining for IL-1β and CXCL10 expression (red) in the lungs of uninfected or infected hamsters. Cells were counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).