Table 3. . Serological and molecular tests used to rule out other pathogens.

Organism	Serology	Molecular targets, test performed	Ref.
Rickettsia spotted fever and typhus group	IgM IFA (Fuller Laboratories, CA, USA) cut-off 1:64	gltA gene, real-time PCR	[26]
Leptospira spp.	IgM ELISA (Panbio Pty., Queensland, Australia) cut-off >11	16s rRNA, conventional PCR	[27]
Atypical bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae	IgM ELISA (NovaTec Immundiagnostica GmbH, Dietzenbach, Germany) cut-off >11	CARDS toxin gene, real-time PCR	[28]
Chlamydia pneumoniae	IgM ELISA (NovaTec Immundiagnostica GmbH, Dietzenbach, Germany) cut-off >11	Not done
Legionella pneumophila	IgM ELISA (NovaTec Immundiagnostica GmbH, Dietzenbach, Germany) cut off >11	ssrA gene, real-time PCR	[29]

ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IFA: Indirect immunofluorescence assay.