Table. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Participants, Overall and by Cohort .
| Variable | No./total No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (N = 604) |
Primary school–aged cohort (GUSTO; n = 373) | Preschool-aged cohort (S-PRESTO; n = 231) | |
| Respondent | |||
| Father | 12/604 (2.0) | 11/373 (3.0) | 1/231 (0.4) |
| Mother | 592/604 (98.0) | 362/373 (97.1) | 230/231 (99.6) |
| Child’s sex | |||
| Male | 297/603 (49.3) | 176/373 (47.2) | 121/230 (52.6) |
| Female | 306/603 (50.8) | 197/373 (52.8) | 109/230 (47.4) |
| Child’s age, mean (SD), y | 7.10 (3.6) | 9.87 (0.4) | 2.63 (0.8) |
| Maternal education | |||
| None/primary | 13/599 (2.2) | 13/368 (3.5) | 0/231 |
| Secondary/ITE | 139/599 (23.2) | 126/368 (34.2) | 13/231 (5.6) |
| A-level/polytechnic/diploma | 136/599 (22.7) | 88/368 (23.9) | 48/231 (20.8) |
| University/postgraduate | 311/599 (51.9) | 141/368 (38.3) | 170/231 (73.6) |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Chinese | 402/604 (66.6) | 222/373 (59.5) | 180/231 (77.9) |
| Indian | 70/604 (11.6) | 58/373 (15.6) | 12/231 (5.2) |
| Malay | 124/604 (20.5) | 92/373 (24.7) | 32/231 (13.9) |
| Othera | 8/604 (1.3) | 1/373 (0.3) | 7/231 (3.0) |
| No. of children living in the same household (other than index child) | |||
| Median (IQR) | 1 (0-2) | 1 (1-2) | 0 (0-1) |
| Total No. | 551 | 345 | 206 |
| No. of additional persons in the householdb | |||
| Median (IQR) | 3 (2-4) | 3 (2-4) | 2 (1-4) |
| Total No. | 551 | 345 | 206 |
| Monthly household income before February 2020, SGDc | |||
| 0-1000 | 9/520 (1.7) | 7/312 (2.2) | 2/208 (1.0) |
| 1001-2000 | 36/520 (6.9) | 31/312 (9.9) | 5/208 (2.4) |
| 2001-3000 | 61/520 (11.7) | 53/312 (17.0) | 8/208 (3.9) |
| 3001-4000 | 58/520 (11.2) | 44/312 (14.1) | 14/208 (6.7) |
| 4001-5000 | 40/520 (7.7) | 28/312 (9.0) | 12/208 (5.8) |
| 5001-6000 | 49/520 (9.4) | 26/312 (8.3) | 23/208 (11.1) |
| 6001-7000 | 30/520 (5.8) | 11/312 (3.5) | 19/208 (9.1) |
| 7001-8000 | 43/520 (8.3) | 19/312 (6.1) | 24/208 (11.5) |
| 8001-9000 | 28/520 (5.4) | 17/312 (5.5) | 11/208 (5.3) |
| 9001-10 000 | 34/520 (6.5) | 14/312 (4.5) | 20/208 (9.6) |
| >10 000 | 132/520 (25.4) | 62/312 (19.9) | 70/208 (33.7) |
| Monthly household income from March-June 2020, SGDc | |||
| 0-1000 | 23/522 (4.4) | 17/317 (5.4) | 6/205 (2.9) |
| 1001-2000 | 47/522 (9.0) | 41/317 (12.9) | 6/205 (2.9) |
| 2001-3000 | 67/522 (12.8) | 55/317 (17.4) | 12/205 (5.9) |
| 3001-4000 | 56/522 (10.7) | 41/317 (12.9) | 15/205 (7.3) |
| 4001-5000 | 38/522 (7.3) | 23/317 (7.3) | 15/205 (7.3) |
| 5001-6000 | 46/522 (8.8) | 30/317 (9.5) | 16/205 (7.8) |
| 6001-7000 | 29/522 (5.6) | 10/317 (3.2) | 19/205 (9.3) |
| 7001-8000 | 39/522 (7.5) | 15/317 (4.7) | 24/205 (11.7) |
| 8001-9000 | 31/522 (5.9) | 20/317 (6.3) | 11/205 (5.4) |
| 9001-10 000 | 29/522 (5.6) | 12/317 (3.8) | 17/205 (8.3) |
| >10 000 | 117/522 (22.4) | 53/317 (16.7) | 64/205 (31.2) |
| Income decreased from before February to March-June 2020c | |||
| Families with decreased income | 124/515 (24.1) | 76/310 (24.5) | 48/205 (23.4) |
Abbreviations: GUSTO, Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes; S-PRESTO; Singapore Preconception Study of Long-term Maternal and Child Outcomes; SGD, Singapore dollars.
a
Other is an official Singaporean racial-ethnic category and includes mothers who self-reported either mixed ancestry or ethnicity other than Chinese, Indian, or Malay.
b
Excluding respondent and child.
c
In SGD (1 SGD = $0.73 US dollars).