Table 4.
Results of robustness checks.
| Alternative variables | System GMM | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
| idm | idm | idm | idm | idm | |
| rgdpg | 0.320*** | 0.558*** | 1.027** | 0.750** | 3.552*** |
| (3.96) | (3.98) | (2.55) | (2.12) | (2.92) | |
| mid | 0.0008 | −0.0040 | −0.134 | −0.0779 | −0.225 |
| (0.05) | (−0.20) | (−1.60) | (−0.78) | (−1.20) | |
| beds | 0.0127 | 0.0075 | 0.138* | 0.130 | 0.186 |
| (1.26) | (0.31) | (1.74) | (1.51) | (1.03) | |
| doctors | −0.0342 | −0.0323 | −0.0008 | −0.0911 | −0.0254 |
| (−1.58) | (−1.30) | (−0.01) | (−0.52) | (−0.14) | |
| s_ind | −0.0292 | −0.246*** | −0.0028 | 0.230 | −0.0995 |
| (−0.61) | (−4.22) | (−0.01) | (0.91) | (−0.31) | |
| ur | 0.0232 | −0.749 | −1.682 | −1.305 | −1.518 |
| (0.11) | (−1.34) | (−1.52) | (−0.67) | (−0.50) | |
| aging | 1.577** | 1.080 | −1.899 | −0.376 | 4.828 |
| (2.30) | (0.96) | (−0.51) | (−0.13) | (0.57) | |
| edu_train | 0.0002 | ||||
| (0.61) | |||||
| rgdpg_train | −0.0042** | ||||
| (−2.21) | |||||
| dfiic | 0.0597 | ||||
| (1.31) | |||||
| rgdpg_dfiic | −0.0036* | ||||
| (−1.86) | |||||
| edu_act | 0.00214 | ||||
| (0.04) | |||||
| rgdpg_act | −1.214* | ||||
| (−1.79) | |||||
| dedi | −0.821 | ||||
| (−1.00) | |||||
| rgdpg_dedi | −5.640* | ||||
| (−1.74) | |||||
| L.idm | −0.334*** | −0.267** | −0.342** | ||
| (−3.98) | (−2.13) | (−2.44) | |||
| cons | 0.0636 | 0.394 | 1.626* | 1.112 | 1.485 |
| (0.51) | (1.44) | (1.81) | (0.87) | (0.64) | |
| N | 300 | 240 | 270 | 270 | 210 |
| AR(1) | −2.56 | −2.14 | −1.72 | ||
| (0.011) | (0.033) | (0.086) | |||
| AR(2) | 0.50 | 1.59 | −1.60 | ||
| (0.619) | (0.112) | (0.109) | |||
| Hansen | 29.13 | 28.32 | 26.18 | ||
| (0.849) | (0.874) | (0.794) | |||
t statistics in parentheses
p < 0.1,
p < 0.05,
p < 0.01.
To save space, the coefficients of control variables are not listed. idm represents infectious disease mortality, rgdpg represents real GDP growth rate, edu_train represents health education training, rgdpg_train is the cross product of rgdpg and edu_train. dfiic represents digital financial inclusion index of China, rgdpg_dfiic is the cross product of rgdpg and dfiic, edu_act represents public health education activity, rgdpg_act is the cross product of rgdpg and edu_act. dedi represents China digital economy development index, rgdpg_dedi is the cross product of rgdpg and dedi, L.idm represents the first-order lag of idm. cons is the constant term, N is the sample observation. AR(1) and AR(2) mean the test statistics of AR(1) and AR(2) models. Hansen means the result of the Hansen test.