FIG. 1.

CRISPR/Cas9 as a new tool in the T cell research toolbox. Diagram of T cell research techniques using traditional genetic mouse models (A), CRISPR/Cas9 in human T cells in vitro and in humanized mouse models (B), and CRISPR/Cas9 in mouse T cells in vitro and followed by in vivo adoptive transfers (C). Pros and cons illustrate considerations for using one system versus the others with + and − illustrating the extent to which one system is cheaper, more/less translational, and potential to reduce need for mice, for example, require more/less mice compared with other systems. Created with BioRender.com. CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.