Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics by Race and Ethnicity.
| Characteristic | White n(%) |
Black n (%) |
Hispanic n (%) |
Asian/Pacific Islander n (%) |
Other n(%) |
P value | Total N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 66 (57–75) | 62 (54–71) | 61 (50–71) | 63 (53–72) | 62 (53–72) | <.001 | 65 (55–74) |
| Sex | <.001 | ||||||
| Male | 69 907 (47.8%) | 12 400 (43.8%)) | 7557 (46.5%) | 2952 (45.8%) | 3235 (46.9%) | 96 051 (47.0%) | |
| Female | 76 399 (52.2%) | 15 886 (56.2%) | 8683 (53.5%) | 3492 (54.2%) | 3664 (53.1%) | 108 124 (53.0%) | |
| Insurance | <.001 | ||||||
| Private | 48 530 (33.2%) | 7409 (26.2%) | 3984 (24.5%) | 2320 (36.0%) | 2217 (32.1%) | 64 460 (31.6%) | |
| Medicare | 77 839 (53.2%) | 12 742 (45.0%) | 6253 (38.5%) | 2518 (39.1%) | 2784 (40.4%) | 102 136 (50.0%) | |
| Medicaid | 11 890 (8.1%) | 5902 (20.9%) | 4073 (25.1%) | 1174 (18.2%) | 1143 (16.6%) | 24 182 (11.8%) | |
| Other | 8047 (5.5%) | 2233 (7.9%) | 1930 (11.9%) | 432 (6.7%) | 755 (10.9%) | 13 397 (6.6%) | |
| Income quartile | <.001 | ||||||
| Q1 | 31 817 (22.2%) | 13 497 (49.1%) | 5845 (37.1%) | 792 (12.6%) | 1739 (26.49%) | 53 690 (26.9%) | |
| Q2 | 37 482 (26.1%) | 5907 (21.5%) | 3802 (24.1%) | 1079 (17.1%) | 1411 (21.49%) | 49 681 (24.9%) | |
| Q3 | 36 441 (25.4%) | 4722 (17.2%) | 3723 (23.6%) | 1692 (26.8%) | 1525 (23.23%) | 48 103 (24.1%) | |
| Q4 | 37 746 (26.3%) | 3339 (12.2%) | 2385 (15.1%) | 2748 (43.5%) | 1890 (28.79%) | 48 108 (24.1%) | |
| Charlson Comorbidity | 7(6–7) | 7 (6–8) | 6 (6–7) | 6 (6–7) | 6 (6–7) | <.001 | 7 (6–7) |
| Index score, median (IQR) | |||||||
| Inpatient surgical procedure | <.001 | ||||||
| No | 72 623 (49.6%) | 16 989 (60.1%) | 8900 (54.8%) | 3353 (52.0%) | 3441 (49.88%) | 105 306 (51.6%) | |
| Yes | 73 683 (50.4%) | 11 297 (39.9%) | 7340 (45.2%) | 3091 (48.0%) | 3458 (50.12%) | 98 869 (48.4%) | |
| DNR status | <.001 | ||||||
| Full code | 125 279 (85.6%) | 24 516 (86.7%) | 14 100 (86.8%) | 5444 (84.5%) | 5922 (85.84%) | 175 261 (85.8%) | |
| DNR | 21 027 (14.4%) | 3770 (13.3%) | 2140 (13.2%) | 1000 (15.5%) | 977 (14.16%) | 28 914 (14.2%) | |
| Hospital location | <.001 | ||||||
| South | 54 088 (37.0%) | 13 944 (49.3%) | 6429 (39.6%) | 993 (15.1%) | 2382 (34.53%) | 77 836 (38.1%) | |
| Midwest | 31 935 (21.8%) | 5896 (20.8%) | 1162 (7.2%) | 505 (7.8%) | 914 (13.25%) | 40 412 (19.8%) | |
| West | 24 614 (16.8%) | 2316 (8.2%) | 5922 (36.5%) | 3659 (56.8%) | 1226 (17.77%) | 37 737 (18.5%) | |
| Northeast | 35 669 (24.4%) | 6130 (21.7%) | 2727 (16.2%) | 1287 (20.0%) | 2377 (34.45%) | 48 190 (23.6%) | |
| Hospital bed size | <.001 | ||||||
| Small | 17 149 (11.7%) | 3259 (11.5%) | 1726 (10.6%) | 742 (11.5%) | 680 (9.9%) | 23 556 (11.5%) | |
| Medium | 33 172 (22.7%) | 6913 (24.4%) | 3873 (23.9%) | 1295 (20.1%) | 1357 (19.7%) | 46 610 (22.8%) | |
| Large | 95 985 (65.6%) | 18 114 (64.0%) | 10 641 (65.5%) | 4407 (68.4%) | 4862 (70.5%) | 134 009 (65.6% | |
| Hospital teaching status | <.001 | ||||||
| Rural | 9983 (6.8% | 786 (2.8% | 271 (1.7% | 137 (2.1% | 248 (3.6% | 11 425 (5.6% | |
| Urban nonteaching | 40 207 (27.5% | 5835 (20.6% | 4781 (29.4% | 1796 (27.9% | 1536 (22.3% | 54 155 (26.5% | |
| Urban teaching | 96 116 (65.7% | 21 665 (76.6% | 11 188 (68.9% | 4511 (70.00% | 5115 (74.1% | 138 595 (67.9%) | |
| Aggressive care (any) | <.001 | ||||||
| No | 118 021 (80.7%) | 21 814 (77.1%) | 12 909 (79.5%) | 5125 (79.5%) | 5319 (77.1%) | 163 188 (79.9%) | |
| Yes | 28 285 (19.3%) | 6472 (22.9%) | 3331 (20.5%) | 1319 (20.5%) | 1580 (22.9%) | 40 987 (20.1%) | |
| Inpatient radiation therapy | <.001 | ||||||
| No | 139 333 (95.2%) | 26 512 (93.7%) | 15 521 (95.6%) | 6166 (95.7%) | 6562 (95.1%) | 194 094 (95.1%) | |
| Yes | 6973 (4.8%) | 1774 (6.3%) | 719 (4.4%) | 278 (4.3%) | 337 (4.9%) | 10 081 (4.9%) | |
| Inpatient chemotherapy | <.001 | ||||||
| No | 136 304 (93.2%) | 26 161 (92.5%) | 14 898 (91.7%) | 5935 (92.1%) | 6240 (90.5%) | 189 538 (92.8%) | |
| Yes | 10 002 (6.8%) | 2125 (7.5%) | 1342 (8.3%) | 509 (7.9%) | 659 (9.5%) | 14 637 (7.2%) | |
| Mechanical ventilation | <.001 | ||||||
| No | 141 554 (96.8%) | 27 097 (95.8%) | 15 686 (96.6%) | 6211 (96.4%) | 6634 (96.2%) | 197 182 (96.6%) | |
| Yes | 4752 (3.2%) | 1189 (4.2%) | 554 (3.4%) | 233 (3.6%) | 265 (3.8%) | 6993 (3.4%) | |
| Gastrostomy tube | <.001 | ||||||
| No | 142 765 (97.6%) | 27 547 (97.4%) | 15 862 (97.7%) | 6292 (97.6%) | 6698 (97.1%) | 199 164 (97.5%) | |
| Yes | 3541 (2.4%) | 739 (2.6%) | 378 (2.3%) | 152 (2.4%) | 201 (2.9%) | 5011 (2.5%) | |
| Parenteral nutrition | <.001 | ||||||
| No | 139 096 (95.1%) | 26 834 (94.9%) | 15 480 (95.3%) | 6058 (94.0%) | 6464 (93.7%) | 193932 (95.0%) | |
| Yes | 7210 (4.9%) | 1452 (5.1%) | 760 (4.7%) | 386 (6.0%) | 435 (6.3%) | 10 243 (5.0%) | |
| Hemodialysis | <.001 | ||||||
| No | 145 271 (99.3%) | 27 733 (98.0%) | 16 056 (98.9%) | 6391 (99.2%) | 6842 (99.7%) | 202 293 (99.1%) | |
| Yes | 1035 (0.7%) | 533 (2.0%) | 184 (1.1%) | 53 (0.8%) | 57 (0.8%) | 1882 (0.9%) | |
| Palliative care consultation | <.001 | ||||||
| No | 126 392 (86.4%) | 24 080 (85.1%) | 13 944 (85.9%) | 5456 (84.7%) | 5936 (86.0%) | 175 808 (86.1%) | |
| Yes | 19 914 (13.6%) | 4206 (14.9%) | 2296 (14.1%) | 988 (15.3%) | 963 (14.0%) | 28 367 (13.9%) | |
Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; DNR, Do Not Resuscitate.