Table 1.

Failures of phase III clinical trials of immunotherapy for GBM

Trial	Treatment	Outcome	Reference
CheckMate 143 phase III (NCT02017717)	anti-PD-1 (nivolumab) vs anti-VEGF (bevacizumab)	Primary endpoint not reached ↔ No improvement of mOS with anti-PD-1 (9.8 months) vs anti-VEGF (10 months)	Reardon et al., (2020) [110]
CheckMate 498 phase III (NCT02617589)	anti-PD-1 (nivolumab) + RT vs TMZ + RT	Primary endpoint not reached ↔ No improvement of mOS with anti-PD-1 + RT (13.4 months) vs control treatment (14.9 months)	BMS press release; ClinicalTrials.gov
CheckMate 548 phase III (NCT02667587)	anti-PD-1 (nivolumab) + SOC vs placebo + SOC	Primary endpoint not reached Data not yet released	BMS press release
ACT IV phase III (NCT01480479)	Peptide vaccine targeting EGFRvIII (rindopepimut) + TMZ vs placebo + TMZ	Primary endpoint not reached ↔ No improvement of mOS with rindopepimut (20.1 months) vs control group (20.0 months)	Weller et al., (2017) [111]
NCT00045968 phase III	Dendritic cell vaccine (DCVax®-L) + SOC vs placebo + SOC	Put on hold For unidentified reasons	Liau et al., (2018) [112]; ClinicalTrials.gov