Table 5.

Subgroup analysis for the outcome of postpartum depression

Group	No. of studies	Point estimate	95% CI		I2	Q	p
			Lower	Upper
Screening timepoint
Postpartum	7	−0.36	−0.48	− 0.24	40.71%	0.93	0.34
Antenatal	3	−0.23	− 0.47	0.002	38.29%
Tool
EPDS	7	−0.31	−0.43	− 0.19	33.09%	4.14	0.25
EPDS & clinical	1	−0.52	−0.81	− 0.24	0
EPDS & PHQ-9	1	−0.23	−0.49	0.03	0
Risk index	1	−0.94	−1.85	− 0.03	0
Mode of screening
In-person interviews	5	−0.39	− 0.57	−0.20	10.55%	0.95	0.81
Postal	1	−0.23	−0.58	0.11	0%
Multiple methods	2	−0.27	− 0.55	0.01	0%
Self-administereda	2	−0.38	−0.69	− 0.08	88.23%

^aIncludes online delivery