Table 3.
The crude and age- and sex-standardized prevalence rates of anemia by baseline characteristics (n = 3,899) in Khuzestan, Iran, from 2016 to 2019
| Variables | Frequency (n) | Anemia prevalence % (95% CI) | P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Age- and sex- standardized | |||
| Overall | 3,899 / 29,550 | 13.19 (12.81–13.59) | 10.86 (10.51–11.23) | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Gender ** | < 0.0001 | |||
| Female | 3,288 / 18,789 | 17.50 (16.96–18.05) | 17.08 (16.52–17.66) | |
| Male | 611 / 10,761 | 5.68 (5.26–6.13) | 4.87 (4.47–5.30) | |
| Age categories (years) a *** | < 0.0001 | |||
| 20–34 | 1,008 / 9,329 | 10.81 (10.19–11.45) | 9.19 (8.64–9.76) | |
| 35–49 | 1,805 / 11,456 | 15.76 (15.10–16.43) | 13.43 (12.84–14.04) | |
| 50–65 | 1,079 / 8,711 | 12.39 (11.71–13.10) | 11.53 (10.87–12.23) | |
| Area of residence | < 0.0001 | |||
| Rural | 900 / 7,819 | 11.51 (10.82–12.24) | 9.19 (8.58–9.85) | |
| Urban | 2,999 / 21,731 | 13.80 (13.35–14.27) | 11.54 (11.12–11.98) | |
| Ethnicity a | 0.028 | |||
| Arab | 1,902 / 14,377 | 13.23 (12.69–13.79) | 10.66 (10.16–11.17) | |
| Bakhtiari | 844 / 6,520 | 12.94 (12.15–13.78) | 10.75 (10.01–11.54) | |
| Fars | 766 / 5,521 | 13.87 (12.99–14.81) | 11.98 (11.11–12.90) | |
| Others | 380 / 3,078 | 12.35 (11.23–13.56) | 10.12 (9.10–11.24) | |
| Marital status | < 0.0001 | |||
| Single | 404 / 3,601 | 11.22 (10.23–12.29) | 8.54 (7.71–9.45) | |
| Married | 3,257 / 24,441 | 13.33 (12.91–13.76) | 11.20 (10.81–11.61) | |
| Divorced / Widowed | 238 / 1,508 | 15.78 (14.03–17.71) | 15.41 (13.59–17.43) | |
| Socioeconomics variables | ||||
| Educational Level b | < 0.0001 | |||
| Illiterate | 805 / 5,441 | 14.80 (13.88–15.76) | 13.50 (12.60–14.46) | |
| Primary | 1,269 / 8,899 | 14.26 (13.55–15.00) | 12.22 (11.55–12.92) | |
| Secondary | 1,413 / 11,445 | 12.35 (11.76–12.96) | 10.02 (9.48–10.58) | |
| Tertiary | 411 / 3,761 | 10.93 (9.97–11.97) | 8.88 (8.02–9.82) | |
| Occupational status c | < 0.0001 | |||
| Working | 530 / 8,731 | 6.07 (5.59–6.59) | 5.08 (4.63–5.56) | |
| Housewife | 3,018 / 17,195 | 17.55 (16.99–18.13) | 17.10 (16.52–17.71) | |
| Unemployed / Retired / Student | 315 / 3,426 | 9.19 (8.27–10.21) | 7.68 (6.83–8.64) | |
| Wealth status quartiles d | 0.001 | |||
| Lowest | 1,010 / 7,350 | 13.74 (12.97–14.55) | 11.58 (10.85–12.35) | |
| Up to median | 988 / 7,257 | 13.61 (12.84–14.42) | 11.65 (10.91–12.44) | |
| Above median | 1,014 / 7,843 | 12.93 (12.20–13.69) | 10.25 (9.61–10.93) | |
| Highest | 865 / 6,925 | 12.49 (11.73–13.29) | 10.06 (9.37–10.79) | |
| Individual factors | ||||
| BMI categories e | < 0.0001 | |||
| Underweight | 139 / 811 | 17.14 (14.70–19.89) | 13.84 (11.65–16.37) | |
| Normal weight | 1,146 / 8,724 | 13.14 (12.44–13.86) | 10.71 (10.08–11.38) | |
| Overweight | 1,319 / 11,064 | 11.92 (11.33–12.54) | 9.71 (9.17–10.28) | |
| Obese | 1,271 / 8,814 | 14.42 (13.70–15.17) | 12.23 (11.56–12.94) | |
| Abdominal obesity f | 0.226 | |||
| Normal | 1,545 / 11,463 | 13.48 (12.87–14.12) | 10.62 (10.07–11.19) | |
| Increased | 2,332 / 17,947 | 12.99 (12.51–13.49) | 11.06 (10.60–11.53) | |
| Ever cigarettes smoker g | < 0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 223 / 3,253 | 6.86 (6.04–7.78) | 5.40 (4.68–6.22) | |
| No | 3,672 / 26,241 | 13.99 (13.58–14.42) | 11.75 (11.36–12.15) | |
| Ever hookah smoker g | < 0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 91 / 1,582 | 5.75 (4.71–7.01) | 3.80 (3.03–4.76) | |
| No | 3,804 / 27,912 | 13.63 (13.23–14.04) | 11.51 (11.13–11.89) | |
| Ever opium user g | < 0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 60 / 834 | 7.19 (5.63–9.16) | 5.58 (4.28–7.24) | |
| No | 3,835 / 28,660 | 13.38 (12.99–13.78) | 11.07 (10.71–11.45) | |
| Ever alcohol drinker g | < 0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 22 / 641 | 3.43 (2.27–5.16) | 2.35 (1.52–3.64) | |
| No | 3,873 / 28,853 | 13.42 (13.03–13.82) | 11.20 (10.83–11.57) | |
| Sleeping duration h | < 0.0001 | |||
| Enough | 2,174 / 16,522 | 13.16 (12.65–13.68) | 10.85 (10.38–11.34) | |
| Not enough | 1,325 / 10,551 | 12.56 (11.94–13.20) | 10.14 (9.58–10.74) | |
| Excessive | 397 / 2,443 | 16.25 (14.84–17.77) | 13.79 (12.46–15.24) | |
| Physical activity tertiles i | < 0.0001 | |||
| Low | 1,080 / 9,173 | 11.77 (11.13–12.45) | 9.58 (8.99–10.21) | |
| Moderate | 1,779 / 12,597 | 14.12 (13.53–14.74) | 12.08 (11.51–12.68) | |
| High | 1,032 / 7,703 | 13.40 (12.65–14.18) | 10.64 (9.98–11.35) | |
| Medical characteristics | ||||
| Diabetes | 0.128 | |||
| Yes | 616 / 4,597 | 13.40 (12.45–14.42) | 11.64 (10.74–12.61) | |
| No | 3,283 / 24,953 | 13.16 (12.74–13.58) | 10.76 (10.38–11.16) | |
| Hypertension | 0.193 | |||
| Yes | 789 / 5,883 | 13.41 (12.56–14.31) | 11.42 (10.62–12.27) | |
| No | 3,110 / 23,667 | 13.14 (12.72–13.58) | 10.76 (10.37–11.17) | |
| Metabolic syndrome | < 0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 1165 / 9,652 | 12.07 (11.44–12.74) | 9.83 (9.25–10.43) | |
| No | 2,734 / 19,898 | 13.74 (13.27–14.23) | 11.26 (10.83–11.72) | |
| CKD j | < 0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 270 / 2,115 | 16.41 (14.89–18.05) | 14.51 (13.06–16.10) | |
| Non-CKD / Unknown | 3,622 / 27,376 | 12.95 (12.56–13.35) | 10.66 (10.30–11.04) | |
Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, BMI body mass index, CKD chronic kidney disease
Notes: *The chi-squared test was performed for comparison between the groups. Significance level was at p-value < 0.05
**Age-standardized
***Sex-standardized
Missing values, count (%): a, 54 (0.18); b, 4 (0.01); c, 198 (0.67); d, 175 (0.59); e, 137 (0.46); f, 140 (0.47); g, 56 (0.19); h, 34 (0.12); i, 77 (0.26); j, 59 (0.20ege)