Table 4.

Associated factors of the anemia prevalence in multivariable analysis in Khuzestan, Iran, from 2016 to 2019

Variables	Anemia prevalence ratio a		P-value*
	Adjusted OR b	95% CI
Demographics
Gender
Female	3.17	2.68–3.76	< 0.0001
Male	Reference
Age categories (years)
20–34	Reference
35–49	1.66	1.52–1.82	< 0.0001
50–65	1.27	1.14–1.42	< 0.0001
Area of residence
Rural	Reference
Urban	1.18	1.09–1.29	< 0.0001
Ethnicity
Arab	0.95	0.87–1.05	0.334
Bakhtiari	0.91	0.81–1.01	0.081
Fars	Reference
Others	0.83	0.72–0.95	0.008
Marital status
Single	Reference
Married	1.16	1.02–1.32	0.021
Divorced / Widowed	1.02	0.84–1.24	0.844
Socioeconomics variables
Occupational status
Working	Reference
Housewife	1.26	1.07–1.48	0.006
Unemployed / Retired / Student	1.55	1.33–1.81	< 0.0001
Individual factors
BMI categories
Underweight	1.58	1.29–1.93	< 0.0001
Normal weight	Reference
Overweight	0.80	0.73–0.87	< 0.0001
Obese	0.84	0.76–0.93	0.001
Ever hookah smoker
Yes	0.67	0.53–0.83	< 0.0001
No	Reference
Sleeping duration
Enough	Reference
Not enough	1.04	0.96–1.12	0.338
Excessive	1.19	1.06–1.35	0.004
Medical characteristics
Metabolic syndrome
Yes	0.87	0.80–0.95	0.002
No	Reference
CKD
Yes	1.27	(1.12–1.44)	< 0.0001
Non-CKD / Unknown	Reference

Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, OR odds ration, BMI body mass index

Notes: ^a, the ORs and 95% CIs were generated from the logistic regression analysis. Significance level was at p-value < 0.05

^b, adjusted for gender, age groups, BMI categories, occupation, area of residence, hookah smoking, presence of CKD, presence of metabolic syndrome, night sleep duration, marital status, and ethnicity. (Nagelkerke pseudo-R² = 0.074 and Hosmer–Lemeshow p-value = 0.107)