Table 3.
Association of urine pH subgroups with prevalence of kidney disease outcomes
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| > Stage 1 CKD | ||||||
| pH ≤ 5.0 | 2.26 (1.76~2.91) | <0.001 | 1.74 (1.28~2.37) | <0.001 | 1.61 (1.15~2.25) | 0.005 |
| 5.0 < pH≤ 5.5 | 1.38 (1.10~1.73) | 0.006 | 1.31 (1.00~1.73) | 0.05 | 1.20 (0.89~1.62) | 0.22 |
| 5.5 < pH < 6.2 | 1.17 (0.93~1.47) | 0.18 | 1.19 (0.90~1.57) | 0.23 | 1.17 (0.87~1.59) | 0.30 |
| 6.2 ≤ pH ≤ 6.9 | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| pH > 6.9 | 1.33 (0.99~1.79) | 0.06 | 1.31 (0.90~1.90) | 0.16 | 1.12 (0.75~1.69) | 0.58 |
| Nephrolithiasis | ||||||
| pH ≤ 5.0 | 2.12 (1.56~2.87) | <0.001 | 1.71 (1.25~2.34) | 0.001 | 1.51 (1.07~2.14) | 0.02 |
| 5.0 < pH≤ 5.5 | 0.86 (0.64~1.16) | 0.32 | 0.76 (0.56~1.04) | 0.088 | 0.55 (0.39~0.78) | 0.001 |
| 5.5 < pH < 6.2 | 0.98 (0.73~1.31) | 0.87 | 0.90 (0.66~1.22) | 0.486 | 0.80 (0.57~1.12) | 0.20 |
| 6.2 ≤ pH ≤ 6.9 | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| pH > 6.9 | 1.19 (0.82~1.73) | 0.365 | 1.08 (0.73~1.60) | 0.706 | 1.14 (0.74~1.76) | 0.55 |
| Kidney cyst | ||||||
| pH ≤ 5.0 | 2.24 (1.56~3.21) | <0.001 | 1.69 (1.14~2.51) | 0.009 | 1.69 (1.10~2.59) | 0.02 |
| 5.0 < pH≤ 5.5 | 1.39 (0.99~1.97) | 0.06 | 1.39 (0.96~2.02) | 0.08 | 1.26 (0.84~1.90) | 0.26 |
| 5.5 < pH < 6.2 | 1.21 (0.85~1.71) | 0.29 | 1.31 (0.90~1.91) | 0.16 | 1.31 (0.87~1.96) | 0.20 |
| 6.2 ≤ pH ≤ 6.9 | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| pH > 6.9 | 2.28 (1.53~3.41) | <0.001 | 2.12 (1.37~3.30) | 0.001 | 2.08 (1.28~3.39) | 0.003 |
| Microhematuria | ||||||
| pH ≤ 5.0 | 1.94 (1.48~2.52) | <0.001 | 1.94 (1.47~2.57) | <0.001 | 1.77 (1.29~2.44) | <0.001 |
| 5.0 < pH≤ 5.5 | 1.37 (1.07~1.77) | 0.013 | 1.44 (1.11~1.87) | 0.007 | 1.19 (0.87~1.61) | 0.28 |
| 5.5 < pH < 6.2 | 1.31 (1.02~1.69) | 0.035 | 1.41 (1.08~1.83) | 0.011 | 1.35 (1.00~1.83) | 0.053 |
| 6.2 ≤ pH ≤ 6.9 | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| pH > 6.9 | 1.50 (1.11~2.03) | 0.009 | 1.39 (1.01~1.92) | 0.042 | 1.79 (1.24~2.58) | 0.002 |
| Proteinuria | ||||||
| pH ≤ 5.0 | 3.44 (1.71~6.92) | <0.001 | 2.41 (1.18~4.93) | 0.016 | 1.86 (0.85~4.07) | 0.12 |
| 5.0 < pH≤ 5.5 | 3.79 (1.92~7.46) | <0.001 | 3.42 (1.72~6.81) | <0.001 | 2.83 (1.33~6.01) | 0.007 |
| 5.5 < pH < 6.2 | 3.17 (1.60~6.31) | <0.001 | 3.02 (1.50~6.06) | 0.002 | 2.19 (1.02~4.72) | 0.044 |
| 6.2 ≤ pH ≤ 6.9 | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| pH > 6.9 | 1.82 (0.80~4.14) | 0.16 | 1.32 (0.56~3.14) | 0.53 | 0.88(0.32~2.39) | 0.80 |
Model 1 represents unadjusted ORs. Model 2 included demographic characteristics, such as age, sex, duration of gout, presence of tophi and SU. In model 3, further covariates were added to model 2, including history of hypertension and diabetes