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. 2022 Jan 25;20:50. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01264-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Diagram of the formative process and mechanism of action of miR497/TP-HENPs. miR497/TP-HENPs were synthesized by membrane fusion and biomineralization methods. First, liposomes were synthesized by assembly with DSPE-PEG_1k-cRGD, phosphatidylcholine (PC), cholesterol and encapsulated TP. Then, liposomes and exosomes were fused by membrane fusion. Finally, CaP adsorbed miR497 on the surface of nanoparticles. The mechanisms by which miR497/TP-HENPs operated in OC cells were as follows: a the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect were generated from the nanoscale size of the nanoplatforms, b the homing targeting of exosomes and cRGD further enhanced the targeting efficiency of nanoparticles, c CD47 on the exosome surface avoided nanoparticle clearance by the MPS system, d miR497 and TP synergistically inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, e TP stimulated ROS production, and f TP modulated polarization of M2 macrophages into M1 macrophages, synergistically overcoming OC resistance