Table 2.
Comparison of clinical, laboratory, and haemodynamic characteristics of insulin resistance and insulin sensitive patients with precapillary pulmonary hypertension (PAH), n = 42
| Variables | All patients with precapillary PH N = 42 | Insulin resistance N = 15 | Insulin sensitive N = 27 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (female), number (%) | 25 (59.5) | 9 (59) | 16 (60) | 0.9 |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 45.9 (17.3) | 46.3 (20.6) | 42.6 (16) | 0.5 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 23.9 (4.9) | 24.2 (6) | 23.1 (4.4) | 0.4 |
| Waist circumference, cm, mean (SD) | 81 (17) | 80 (18) | 81 (16) | 0.8 |
| History of hypertension, number (%) | 5 (11.9) | 1 (6.7) | 4 (14.8) | 0.4 |
| Central obesity, number (%) | 12 (30) | 4 (27) | 8 (29) | 0.8 |
| Metabolic syndrome, number (%) | 4 (9.5) | 2 (13.3) | 2 (7.4) | 0.5 |
| NYHA class | 0.6 | |||
| I | 1 (2.4) | 0 | 1 (3.7) | |
| II | 24 (57.1) | 8 (53) | 16 (59) | |
| III | 17 (40.5) | 7 (47) | 10 (37) | |
| IV | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 6MWT, m, median (IQR) | 330 (290–400) | 390 (300–405) | 380 (310–410) | 0.8 |
| FBS, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 91.7 (10.7) | 92 (9.7) | 89 (9.4) | 0.5 |
| TG, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 113.7 (41) | 128 (50) | 105 (33) | 0.09 |
| HDL, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 40 (10) | 39 (9.5) | 41 (11) | 0.6 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 146 (38) | 156 (40) | 141 (37) | 0.2 |
| HbA1c, %, median (IQR) | 5.0 (4.9–5.8) | 5.0 (4.9–5.8) | 5.1 (4.8–5.9) | 0.5 |
| TG/HDL, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 2.8 (1.07) | 3.3 (1.3) | 2.7 (0.9) | 0.09 |
| Insulin level, mIU/L, median (IQR) | 42.9 (20.9–104.9) | 148.8 (121–239) | 31.3 (21–60) | <0.0001 |
| HOMA‐IR, median (IQR) | 0.8 (0.4–1.9) | 3.2 (2.4–3.7) | 0.6 (0.1–1.1) | <0.0001 |
| Cardiac index, L/min/m2, mean (SD) | 2.4 (0.6) | 2.6 (0.5) | 2.5 (0.5) | 0.6 |
| Right atrial pressure, mmHg, median (IQR) | 10 (8–14) | 8 (7–13) | 10 (8–12) | 0.6 |
| Mean pulmonary artery pressure, mmHg, median (IQR) | 40 (30–50) | 34 (27–52) | 45 (30–55) | 0.4 |
| High‐risk criteria, number (%) | 33 (78.6) | 12 (80) | 21 (78) | 0.8 |
| Mortality rate, number (%) | 14 (33.3) | 7 (47) | 7 (26) | 0.1 |
6MWT, 6 min walk test; FBS, fasting blood sugar; HbA1c, glycosylated haemoglobin; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; HOMA‐IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; IQR, interquartile range; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PH, pulmonary hypertension; SD, standard deviation; TG, triglyceride.