Figure 1.

Experimental design and timeline. Study timeline illustrating 1-month baseline testing (left) followed by 4-week intensive locomotor training in both participants (Block “A”). After 4 weeks of training, Participant 1 received transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) with intensive locomotor training for 4 weeks (Block “B”). Subsequently, Participant 1 repeated the same order of the interventions (A-B-A-B design). Participant 2 continued the intensive locomotor training alone for 4 more weeks before tSCS combined with locomotor training for 8 weeks (A-A-B-B design). Participants were followed for at least 2 months without any stimulation or supervised exercise to examine sustained benefits of the intervention. Training: Locomotor training; 6-Minute Walk Test was conducted once every 2 weeks in Participant 1 and every week in Participant 2. The Walking Index for SCI II (WISCI), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), and Motion Capture were measured every month (o); The International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) and Sensory Evoked Potentials (SSEP) were measured every 2 months (x); Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction Scale (NBDS) and Neurogenic Bladder Symptom Scale (NBSS) were measured every 2 months (△).