Table 1.
General and clinical characteristics of the study population
| Total sample | Group 1 (PALS ≥ 15%, fwRVLS/sPAP ≤ −0.5) (n = 28) | Group 2 (PALS < 15%, fwRVLS/sPAP ≤ −0.5) (n = 24) | Group 3 (PALS < 15% and fwRVLS/sPAP > −0.5) (n = 32) | Overall P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 60.1 ± 11.5 | 58.2 ± 12.4 | 61.9 ± 11.5 | 60.2 ± 10.9 | P = 0.5 |
| Male (%) | 82.14% (n = 69) | 26.19% (n = 22) | 23.81% (n = 20) | 32.14% (n = 27) | P = 0.83 |
| BMI | 27.12 ± 5.14 | 27.1 ± 4.9 | 27.1 ± 5.6 | 27.1 ± 4.9 | P = 0.99 |
| sBP (mmHg) | 118.3 ± 18 | 122.1 ± 18.4 | 122.2 ± 19.5 | 112.3 ± 16.6 | P = 0.06 |
| HR (b.p.m.) | 70.5 ± 10.6 | 68.9 ± 8.5 | 70.4 ± 11.4 | 71.9 ± 11.7 | P = 0.54 |
| Hypertension (%) | 44% (n = 37) | 15.5% (n = 13) | 12% (n = 10) | 16.7% (n = 14) | P = 0.94 |
| DM (%) | 15.5% (n = 13) | 5.9% (n = 5) | 4.8% (n = 4) | 4.8% (n = 4) | P = 0.83 |
| Dyslipidaemia (%) | 34.5% (n = 29) | 17.9% (n = 15) | 8.3% (n = 7) | 8.3% (n = 7) | P = 0.03 |
| CAD (%) | 41% (n = 30) | 16.4% (n = 12) | 11% (n = 8) | 13.7% (n = 10) | P = 0.3 |
| CKD (%) | 21% (n = 18) | 1.2% (n = 1) | 3.6% (n = 3) | 16.7% (n = 14) | P = 0.002 |
| NT‐proBNP (pg/mL) | 1875 ± 196.5 | 1282.8 ± 278.39 | 1075.9 ± 885.9 | 2752.9 ± 1611 | P = 0.01 |
| NYHA > 2 (%) | 35.7% (n = 30) | 4.8% (n = 4) | 9.5% (n = 8) | 21.4% (n = 18) | P = 0.02 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.22 ± 0.44 | 0.98 ± 0.23 | 1.09 ± 0.35 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | P = 0.0007 |
| Diuretics (%) | 90.9% (n = 60) | 33.3% (n = 22) | 19.7% (n = 13) | 37.9% (n = 25) | P = 0.025 |
| Beta‐blockers (%) | 93.5% (n = 58) | 33.8% (n = 21) | 24.2% (n = 15) | 35.5% (n = 22) | P = 0.2 |
| ACE‐inhibitors (%) | 50% (n = 31) | 20.1% (n = 13) | 14.5% (n = 9) | 14.5% (n = 9) | P = 0.2 |
| ARBs (%) | 29% (n = 18) | 6.45% (n = 4) | 4.8% (n = 3) | 17.7% (n = 11) | P = 0.1 |
| MRA (%) | 88.7% (n = 55) | 32.2% (n = 20) | 21% (n = 13) | 35.5% (n = 22) | P = 0.9 |
| ARNi (%) | 10% (n = 10) | 2% (n = 2) | 3.5% (n = 3) | 8% (n = 5) | P = 0.06 |
ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme‐2; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNi, angiotensin receptor‐nepylisin inhibitor; BSA, body surface area; CAD, coronary artery disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; fwRVLS, free‐wall right ventricular longitudinal strain; HR, heart rate; MRA, mineralcorticoid receptor antagonist; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal brain natriuretic peptide; PALS, peak atrial longitudinal strain, sBP, systolic blood pressure; sPAP, systolic pulmonary artery pressure