Table 2.

GBL activities ranked by technology usage.

Technology Usage *	Design Features	References	Example Content Areas	Advantages/Disadvantages
High Tech/High Immersion	Advanced software simulations. Many 3D simulations. Some utilize player roles or avatars.	[14,15,16,17,18,26,27]	Community Pharmacy, Herbal Medicine, Immunology, Opioids	Advantage: High engagement, High quality experiences Disadvantage: Potential High cost, Time consuming to develop
Moderate Technology/High Immersion	Simulations followed by quiz tools. Fantasy League focused on investment. Mystery case tool that assigns patient characteristics for a case.	[11,13,28,29,30,31]	Health Care Industry, Medication Histories	Advantage: High engagement Disadvantage: Time consuming to develop
Moderate Technology/Low Immersion	Quiz format using online platforms/tools. Digital badges for completion of work.	[10,12,32,33]	Pharmacotherapy, Drug Information & Literature Evaluation	Advantage: Less cost and time consumption compared to high tech GBL activities Disadvantage: Less engaging than high tech/high immersion
Low Technology/High Immersion	Escape Room, Amazing Race® design	[19,20,21,22,23,24,34,35]	Toxicology, Diabetes, Good Manufacturing Practices, Nonsterile Compounding, Pharmacy Leadership	Advantage: High engagement, Creative approach Disadvantage: Time consuming to develop
Low Technology/Low Immersion	Jeopardy® questions, Name that drug	[36,37]	Review Style Games	Advantage: Ease of implementation in course, highly adaptable Disadvantage: Less engagement

* High Technology = Utilized advanced software or game design. Moderate Technology = Utilized basic software. Low Technology = Limited use of software.