Figure 2.

A general model of stress-responsive regulation by regulatory lncRNAs. After stress signal perception, PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) is activated through the production of signal transducers such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). Pathogen-specific effector-triggered immunity (ETI) is activated by NB-LRR resistance (R) genes after effectors such as the virulence factor of pathogens, enter into the plant cells. PTI and ETI both lead to activation of defense-related pathways. Long non-coding RNAs play important regulatory functions in various plant defense mechanisms either by acting as a precursor of miRNAs and siRNAs or as a miRNA target mimic. (NB-LRR, nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; TFs, transcription factor; RISC, RNA-induced silencing complex; AGO, argonaute proteins).