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Determination of Th1 and Th17 cell-mediated immune responses in mice. Fourteen days after the third immunization, splenocytes were harvested from mice and stimulated with PsaA-PspA23 and PspA4. TNF-α (A) and IL-17A (B) levels in the supernatant were determined after 48 h. Open bars represent the PBS group, gray bars represent the protein vaccine, and black bars represent the protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001. ns, not significant.
