TABLE 1.

Fungal proteases and their associated targets and functions

Organism	Protease		Target(s)	Process(es) involved	Key reference(s)
Candida albicans	Secreted aspartyl proteases (Saps)	Sap1 to -3	Complement C3b, C4b, C5; α1-protease inhibitor; His5; LL-37 (Sap2 only): α2-macroglobulin; cystatin A; cytokeratin; collagen; factor H; FHR-1 receptor; kininogens; macrophage factor-H receptors CR3, CR4; mucin; vimentin	Colonization; epidermal barrier invasion; immune modulation and evasion	31, 33, 38, 40, 42, 46
		Sap4	α1-Protease inhibitor; His5; LL-37	Immune modulation	33, 42
		Sap5	E-cadherin; His5	Degradation of connective tissue; biofilm formation	48, 49
		Sap6	Unknown	Biofilm formation	48
		Sap7	His5	Colonization; (Sap9 only) biofilm formation	43
		Sap8	His5; LL-37
		Sap9	α1-Protease inhibitor; His5; LL-37		29, 50
		Sap10	His5
Candida parapsilosis	Secreted aspartyl proteases (SAPPs)	SAPP1	IgA; complement 3b, 4b	Immune modulation and evasion	54, 56
		SAPP2	Complement 3b, 4b; factor H-related protein 5
Dermatophytes	Metalloprotease carboxypeptidases (Mcps), leucine aminopeptidases (Laps), deuterolysins (Npls)	McpA and -B; Lap1 and -2; NpIIA and -B	Keratin fragments	Epidermal barrier invasion	75, 76
	Metalloprotease fungalysins (Meps)	Mep1, -3, -4	Keratin	Epidermal barrier invasion	71, 74, 75
	Serine carboxypeptidases	CpyA, ScpA and -B	Keratin fragments	Epidermal barrier invasion	75, 76
	Serine dipeptidyl-peptidases (Dpps)	DppIV and -V (Tri 4)	Keratin fragments	Epidermal barrier invasion	74, 75
	Serine protease subtilisins (Subs)	Sub1 to -7	Keratin; pro-Mcps	Epidermal barrier invasion; (Sub3 and -4) activation of pro-Mcps	70, 76, 79, 85
Malassezia globosa	Aspartyl protease	MgSAP1	S. aureus SpA	Reduce S. aureus biofilm	61
Malassezia furfur	Aspartyl protease	MfSAP1	Cytokeratins; denatured collagen I/IV; fibronectin; thrombospondin-1; vitronectin	Epidermal barrier invasion	66