Fig. 1.

An overview of biosynthetic pathways for monoterpenoids. Each monoterpenoid is derived from isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). There are three pathways to synthesize IPP and DMAPP: the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, and the isopentenol pathway. DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate; AcCoA, acetyl CoA; AcAcCoA, acetoacetyl CoA; HMG-CoA, β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA; MVAPP, mevalonate 5-diphosphate; GAP, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; Pyr, pyruvate; DXP, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate; HMBPP, 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate; GPP, geranyl diphosphate.