Table 3. Viral isolation and laboratory vector competence experiments on hard and soft African ticks.

Year	Species	Country	Viral Isolation	Competence experiments	WNV Strain / Inoculated virus titer	Infection	Transmission	References
(∙∙)	Ornithodoros capensis	Egypt	+	+	-	Yes	No	[7,36c]
(∙∙)	Ornithodoros erraticus	Egypt	-	+	(∙∙)	Yes	No	[36c,45c,60a]
1950s	Ornithodoros savignyi	Egypt	-	+	Ar-248 strain	Yes	No	[45c,60a]
1950s	Ornithodoros savignyi	Egypt	+	+	(∙∙)	Yes	Yes	[57a]
1993, 2003	Argas hermanni	Egypt, Senegal	+	+	105.5 TCID50/mL	Yes	No	[7,36c,45c,59a,61]
1993, 2003	Argas hermanni	Egypt, Senegal	+	+	106.2 TCID50/mL	Yes	No	[7,36c,45c,59a,61]
1993, 2003	Argas persicurs	Egypt, Senegal	-	+	105.5 TCID50/mL	Yes	No	[57a,59a,61]
1993, 2003	Argas persicurs	Egypt, Senegal	-	+	106.2 TCID50/mL	Yes	No	[57a,59a,61]
1993, 2003	Argas arboreus	Egypt	-	+	105.5 TCID50/mL	Yes	No	[57a,59a]
1993, 2003	Argas arboreus	Egypt	-	+	106.2 TCID50/mL	Yes	Yes	[59a]
(∙∙)	Rhipicephalus turanicus	Central African Republic	+	-	-	No	No	[36c],[66a]
(∙∙)	Rhipicephalus lunulatus	Central African Republic	+	-	-	-	-	[66a],IPDc
(∙∙)	Rhipicephalus muhsamae	Central African Republic, Senegal	+ (WNV Central African Republic; KOUTV Senegal)	-	-	-	-	[12a,66a],IPDc
(∙∙)	Amblyomma variegatum	Central African Republic, Ivory Coast	+	-	-	No	No	[7c,36c,66a],IPD
2010–2012	Rhipicephalus pulchellus	Kenya	+	-	-	No	No	[62a,b]
(∙∙)	Hyalomma	Africa	+	-	-	No	No	[7c]
2010–2012	Amblyomma gemma	Kenya	+	-	-	No	No	[7c,62a,b]
(∙∙)	Dermacentor marginatus	Africa	+	+	-	No	No	[7c,62a,b]
(∙∙)	Hyalomma marginatum rufipes	Senegal	+ (KOUTV)	-	-	-	-	[12a],IPDc
(∙∙)	Ripicephalus guilhoni	Senegal	+ (KOUTV)	-	-	-	-	[12a],IPDc

+ At least one study report with positive results found;—no available studies; (∙∙) Not defined; IPD: Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Senegal, personal communication

^a = “virus isolation on cell cultures / injection into suckling mice. Viruses detected by immunofluorescence assay using specific mouse immune ascitic fluids”

^b = “RNA molecular detection”

^c = “viral isolation, not specified if ^a and/or ^b”; reference numbers with no apical letters only refer to experimental infections.