Table 4. West Nile virus records in avian species in Africa.
| Species | Country | Antibodies detection | Viral detection | Case of illness | Experimental infection | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acrocephalus gracilirostris | South Africa | + | - | - | - | [34d] |
| Anas erythrorhyncha | South Africa | + | - | - | - | [34d] |
| Anas platyrhynchos domesticus | Egypt, Madagascar | + | - | - | - | [45e,56f] |
| Anas undulata | South Africa | + | - | - | - | [34d] |
| Anas platyrhynchos | Tunisia | + | - | - | - | [41f] |
| Anthus trivialis | Senegal | + | - | - | - | [68f] |
| Antichromus minutus | Central African Republic | - | + | - | - | IPDc |
| Bubulcus ibis | Egypt, Southern Sudan, Nile Delta, South Africa | + | - | - | + | [34d,45e,70g] |
| Cercotrichas podobe | Senegal | + | - | - | - | [68f] |
| Cercotrichas galactotes | Senegal | + | - | - | - | [68f] |
| Cettia cetti | Morocco | + | - | - | - | [71h] |
| Columba livia | Egypt | + | + | + | + | [45c,e,70g] |
| Coracopsis vasa | Madagascar | - | + | - | - | [72c] |
| Corvus corone sardonius | Egypt, Southern Sudan, Nile Delta | + | + | - | + | [45c,e,70g] |
| Anas platyrhynchos | Tunisia | - | + | - | - | [41b] |
| Egretta garzetta Linnaeus | Madagascar | - | + | - | - | [72c] |
| Estrilda melpoda | Central African Republic | - | + | - | - | IPDc |
| Euplectes orix | South Africa | + | - | - | - | [34d] |
| Falco tinnunculus | Egypt, Southern Sudan, Nile Delta | + | - | - | + | [45e,70g] |
| Fulica cristata | South Africa | + | - | - | + | [34d] |
| Gallus gallus | Egypt; Madagascar; Tunisia | + | + | - | + | [21b,45c,e,56b,f,73b] |
| Goose [Anatidae] | Egypt, Madagascar | + | - | - | - | [45e,56f] |
| Guinea fowl [Numididae] | Madagascar | + | - | - | - | [56f] |
| Hippolais opaca | Senegal | + | - | - | - | [68f] |
| Hirundo rustica | Zimbabwe | - | + | - | - | [74b] |
| Jynx torquilla | Senegal | + | - | - | - | [68f] |
| Lanius senator | Senegal | + | - | - | - | [68f] |
| Meleagris | Madagascar | + | - | - | - | [56f] |
| Milvus migrans aegyptius | Egypt | + | - | - | - | [45e] |
| Oena Capensis | Senegal | + | - | - | - | [68f] |
| Passer domesticus | Egypt, Southern Sudan, Nile Delta, Morocco, Algeria | + | - | - | + | [45e,70g,71h,75e] |
| Pelecanus onocrotalus | Senegal | + | - | - | - | [76f] |
| Ploceus cucullatus | Senegal | + | - | - | - | [68f] |
| Ploceus velatus | Senegal, South Africa | + | - | - | + | [34,68f] |
| Quelea quelea | South Africa | + | - | - | + | [34d] |
| Riparia paludicola | Zimbabwe | - | + | - | - | [74b] |
| Streptopelia vinacea | Senegal | + | - | - | - | [68f] |
| Streptopelia senegalensis | Egypt, Southern Sudan, Nile Delta, Senegal, South Africa | + | - | - | + | [34d,45e,68f,70g] |
| Threskiornis aethiopicus | South Africa | + | - | - | + | [34d] |
| Tchagra australis | Central African Republic | - | + | - | - | IPDc |
| Turdus merula | Morocco | + | - | - | - | [71h] |
| Turdus philomelos | Algeria | + | - | - | - | [75e] |
| Urocolius macrourus | Senegal | + | - | - | - | [68f] |
+ At least one study report with positive results found;—no available studies; IPD: Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Senegal, personal communication
a = “virus isolation on cell cultures / injection into suckling mice. Viruses detected by immunofluorescence assay using specific mouse immune ascitic fluids”
b = “RNA molecular detection”
c = “viral isolation, not specified if a and/or b;”
antibodies detection via
d = “hemagglutination-inhibition test (HIT)”
e = “serological surveys, type of antibodies detection tests non specified”
f = “epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)”
g = “virus-neutralization test (VNT)”
h = “micro virus-neutralization test (micro-VNT)”
i = “immunoglobulin M (IgM)-specific ELISA”
l = “plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT)”
m = “Flavivirus microsphere immunoassay (MIA)”
reference numbers with no apical letters refer to experimental infections or case of illness.