Table 5. West Nile virus records in equids in Africa (period 1975–2015).

Country	Year of the study	Viral Isolation	Antibody detection	Seroprevalence rate	References
Algeria	1975	-	+	96.6%	[44e]
Chad	2003	-	+	97%	[78f,n]
Djibouti	2004–2005	-	+	9%	[78f,n]
Democratic Republic of Congo	2004	-	+	30%	[78f,n]
Egypt	1963	-	+	54%	[80g]
Gabon	2004	-	+	3%	[78f]
Ivory Coast	2003	-	+	79%	[81f]
Ivory Coast	2003–2004–2005	-	+	28%	[78f]
Morocco	1996 (42 deaths)	+	-	-	[7b]
Morocco	After the epizootic of 1996	-	+	42–57%	[82e]
Morocco	2003 (5 deaths)	+	-	-	[83f]
Morocco	2010 (8 deaths)	+	-	-	[44f]
Morocco	2011	-	+	31%	[84f,g]
Morocco	2018	-	+	33.7%	[42f,h,m]
Nigeria	2011–2012	-	+	90.3%	[85f,i]
Nigeria	2014	-	+	11.5%	[86g]
Nigeria	2014	-	+	8.5% (donkeys)	[86g]
Senegal	2002–2003, Dakar	-	+	92%	[78f,l]
Senegal	2003, Ferlo area	-	+	78.3%	[61l]
Senegal	2005, Senegal river basin	-	+	85%	[87f,g]
Senegal	2014, North-west Senegal	-	+	68.7%	[88f]
Senegal	2014, Keur Momar Sarr	-	+	86.2%	[88f]
South Africa	2001	-	+	15% (foals)	[89l]
South Africa	2001	-	+	11% (yearlings)	[89l]
South Africa	2001	-	+	75% (dams)	[89l]
South Africa	2007–2008	-	+	21.8%	[13f,g]
South Africa	2008–2015	-	+	7.4%	[79f,g]
Tunisia	1980	-	+	0.35%	[90e]
Tunisia	2005	-	+	25%	[91e]
Tunisia	2005	-	+	37% (donkeys & mules)	[91e]
Tunisia	2007	-	+	IgG 30%	[92f]
Tunisia	2007	-	+	IgM 0.78%	[92f]
Tunisia	2008	-	+	27.1%	[93f]

+ At least one study report with positive results found;—no available studies; () specified when not horses

^a = “virus isolation on cell cultures / injection into suckling mice. Viruses detected by immunofluorescence assay using specific mouse immune ascitic fluids”

^b = “RNA molecular detection”

^c = “viral isolation, not specified if ^a and/or ^b”; antibodies detection via

^d = ^“hemagglutination-inhibition test (HIT)”

^e = “serological surveys, type of antibodies detection tests non specified”

^f = “epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)”

^{g = “}virus-neutralization test (VNT)”

^h = “micro virus-neutralization test (micro-VNT)”

ⁱ = “immunoglobulin M (IgM)-specific ELISA”

^l = “plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT)”

^m = “flavivirus microsphere immunoassay (MIA)”

ⁿ = “immunoblotting method (WB).”