. 2022 Jan 10;16(1):e0010075. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010075

Table 6. West Nile Virus records in other vertebrate species.

Species	Country	Antibodies detection	Viral detection	Case of illness	Experimental infection	References
African forest buffalo, Syncerus caffer nanus	Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, South Africa	+	+	-	-	[95 ^l,96 ^b]
African elephant, Loxodonta	Zambia	+	-	-	-	[95 ^l]
Calves, domestic bovid, Bovidae	South Africa	+	+	-	+	[34 ^q,66 ^q,96 ^b,98 ^d,103 ⁿ]
Domestic dog, Canis lupus familiaris	South Africa, Senegal, Botswana	+	+	+	+	[7 ^p^,^d^,^g,19 ^c^,^r,34 ^q,88 ^f,94 ^r,96 ^b,97 ^d^,^g^,^o^,^p^,^q]
Donkey, Equus asinus	Algeria, Senegal, Nigeria	+	-	-	-	[44 ^e,86 ^g,88 ^f]
Fallow deer, Dama dama	South Africa	-	+	-	-	[96 ^b]
Giraffe, Giraffa	South Africa	-	+	-	-	[96 ^b]
Goat, Capra aegagrus hircus	Senegal, Nigeria, South Africa	+	+	-	+	[34 ^q,88 ^f,96 ^b,98 ^d]
Humped camel, Camelus bactrianus	Morocco, Nigeria	+	-	-	-	[86 ^d,88 ^f^, 98 ^d,99 ^f^,^g,103 ⁿ]
Lemur, Galago senegalensis	Senegal	-	+	-	-	[66 ^c]
Lion, Panthera leo	South Africa	-	+	-	-	[96 ^b]
Livestock	South Africa	+	+	+	-	[79 ^b^,^f^,^g^,^r]
Mountain gorillas, Gorilla beringei beringei	Uganda, Rwanda, DRC	+	-	-	-	[95 ^l]
Oxen, Bos	Madagascar	+	-	-	-	[7 ^e]
Pigs, Sus	South Africa	-	-	-	+	[7 ^q,66^q]
Roan antelope, Hippotragus equinus	South Africa	-	+	-	-	[96 ^b]
Small rodents, Rodentia	Nigeria, Morocco, Tunisia, South Africa	+	+	-	+	[77 ^c,94 ^d^,ⁿ^,^q,100 ^p^,^q,102 ^d]
Wild rodents	Senegal, Somalia, Central African Republic	-	+ (KOUTV)	-	-	[12 ^c]
Sheep, Ovis aries	South Africa, Nigeria	+	-	+	+	[66 ^o^,^p^,^q,98 ^d,101 ^r^,^q]
Kuhl’s pipistrelle, Pipistrellus kuhli	Tunisia	+	-	-	-	[102 ^d]
Wildlife	South Africa	+	+	+	-	[79 ^b^,^f^,^g]
White rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum	South Africa	+				[96 ^f]

+ At least one study report with positive results found;—no available studies

^a = “virus isolation on cell cultures / injection into suckling mice. Viruses detected by immunofluorescence assay using specific mouse immune ascitic fluids”

^b = “RNA molecular detection”

^c = “viral isolation, not specified if ^a and/or ^b”; antibodies detection via

^d = “hemagglutination-inhibition test (HIT)”

^e = “serological surveys, type of antibodies detection tests non specified”

^f = “epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)”

^g = “virus-neutralization test (VNT)”

^h = “micro virus-neutralization test (micro-VNT)”

ⁱ = “immunoglobulin M (IgM)-specific ELISA”

^l = “plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT)”

^m = “flavivirus microsphere immunoassay (MIA)”

ⁿ = “complement fixation test (CFT)”; “Experimental infection” means ^o = “disease”

^p = “antibodies” or ^q = “attempt without any clinical signs/development of viraemia”

^r = “case of illness”.