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. 2022 Jan 11;9:786017. doi: 10.3389/fped.2021.786017

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Copyright © 2022 Yanir, Schulz, Lawitschka, Nierkens and Eyrich.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Current approaches to improve IR which are under clinical evaluation. This graph illustrates strategies with cellular therapies (A) or solubles factors (B) which are discussed above in sections Cellular Therapies, Soluble Factors, and Tissue Engineering. Red colour highlights the names, red arrows indicate the targets of the novel approaches. B, B cell; CLP, common lymphoid progenitor; DLL4, delta-like ligand 4; DLI, donor lymphocyte infusion; GH, growth hormone; GnRH, gonadotropine releasing hormone; HSC, haematopoietic stem cell; IL, interleukin; KGF, keratinocyte growth factor; LHRH, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; NK, natural killer cell; T_CM, central memory T cell; T_con, conventional CD3⁺ T cell; T_m, memory T cell; T_n, naïve T cell; T_reg, regulatory T cell; TK/iC9, thymidine kinase/inducible Caspase 9.