Fig. 3.

The role of circadian clock genes in P. apterus. (A) Summary of the gene knockdown describing its impact on the behavioral rhythmicity shown as percentage of males demonstrating strong rhythmicity, complex rhythmicity, and arrhythmicity; fr #1 and fr #2 are nonoverlapping dsRNA fragments 1 and 2, respectively. (B) Individual τ values are shown as dots for each male with strong rhythmicity; red bars represent means ± SEM (calculated if >10% individuals demonstrated rhythmicity). Columns depict the mean τ, standard error of the mean (SEM), and statistical difference from the controls (P value) (Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s post hoc; calculated only if >10% individuals were rhythmic).