Table 1:
Demographic Summary by Quartiles of Aldosterone
| Variable* | Total (n=912) | Quartiles of Aldosterone | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1: 1.9 to 2.7 (ng/dL) (n=237) | Q2: 2.8 to 4.5 (ng/dL) (n=231) | Q3: 4.6 to 7.5 (ng/dL) (n=228) | Q4: 7.6 to 61.1 (ng/dL) (n=216) | |||
| Age (years) | 59.2 (11) | 59.6 (11.6) | 58.8 (11.2) | 58.4 (10.6) | 60.3 (10.6) | 0.2473 |
| Waist circumference(cm) | 99.7 (15.6) | 97.8 (16.4) | 98.5 (13.8) | 100.4 (17.1) | 102.4 (14.7) | 0.0075 |
| Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 125.8 (35.9) | 124.5 (34.7) | 123.2 (37.3) | 126.7 (37) | 129.3 (34.4) | 0.2872 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 84.4 (18.6) | 89.8 (19.7) | 85.9 (15.3) | 84.5 (16.4) | 76.8 (20.1) | <.0001 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 140.6 (2.3) | 140.8 (2.2) | 140.7 (2.4) | 140.2 (2.3) | 140.5 (2.3) | 0.0476 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.23 (0.4) | 4.26 (0.4) | 4.25 (0.4) | 4.25 (0.4) | 4.15 (0.5) | 0.0216 |
| Chloride (mmol/L) | 103.7 (3.4) | 104.4 (2.8) | 104.3 (4.3) | 103.1 (2.9) | 102.9 (3.3) | <.0001 |
| Sodium intake (g) (n=848) | 3.49 (2.39, 4.83) | 3.59 (2.43, 4.95) | 3.74 (2.62, 4.89) | 3.50 (2.34, 4.85) | 3.24 (2.12, 4.63) | 0.0405 |
| Potassium intake (g) (n=848) | 2.34 (1.82, 3.12) | 2.31 (1.83, 3.02) | 2.46 (1.87, 3.12) | 2.40 (1.77, 3.19) | 2.25 (1.77, 3.04) | 0.4397 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 128 (15.9) | 127.8 (17) | 126.4 (14.5) | 126.8 (15) | 131.2 (16.7) | 0.0058 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.5 (8.3) | 73.6 (8.4) | 74.6 (8.1) | 74 (7.8) | 76 (8.6) | 0.0105 |
| Awake systolic blood pressure | 129.2 (13.3) | 128.8 (13.8) | 128 (12.5) | 129.1 (12.6) | 131.2 (14.3) | 0.0697 |
| Awake diastolic blood pressure | 77.9 (9.2) | 77.2 (8.4) | 77.6 (9.2) | 78.5 (9.2) | 78.3 (9.8) | 0.3679 |
| Asleep systolic blood pressure | 120.4 (15.3) | 119.4 (15.9) | 118.8 (14.3) | 120.1 (14.1) | 123.6 (16.7) | 0.0047 |
| Asleep diastolic blood pressure | 68.1 (9.6) | 66.9 (9.3) | 67.4 (9.4) | 69.1 (9.9) | 69.3 (9.7) | 0.0123 |
| Percent dipping | 6.8 (7.7) | 7.3 (7.5) | 7.1 (7.4) | 6.9 (7.3) | 5.7 (8.4) | 0.1326 |
| Plasma aldosterone (ng/dL)* | 4.5 (3, 7.3) | 1.9 (2, 2.2) | 3.6 (3, 4) | 5.8 (5, 6.5) | 10.5 (9, 13.4) | <.0001 |
| Plasma renin activity (PRA) (ng/mL/hr)* (n=646) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.1) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.9) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) | 0.5 (0.3, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.3, 2) | <.0001 |
| Log-aldosterone | 1.5 (0.99, 1.98) | 0.64 (0.64, 0.79) | 1.28 (1.16, 1.39) | 1.76 (1.63, 1.87) | 2.35 (2.19, 2.59) | <.0001 |
| Log-PRA (n=646) | −0.69 (−1.61, 0.1) | −1.2 (−1.66, −0.11) | −0.92 (−1.66, −0.22) | −0.69 (−1.2, 0.1) | −0.29 (−1.2, 0.69) | <.0001 |
| Log-Aldosterone:Renin ratio (n=646) | 2.25 (1.4, 2.89) | 1.85 (0.95, 2.3) | 2.05 (1.42, 2.86) | 2.3 (1.61, 3.18) | 2.78 (1.81, 3.69) | <.0001 |
| Plasma renin activity phenotypes (n=646) | ||||||
| Suppressed (≤ 0.50 ng/mL/hr) | 348 (53.9%) | 103 (62.8%) | 99 (60.7%) | 86 (50.3%) | 60 (40.5%) | 0.0006 |
| Indeterminate (0.51 – 0.99 ng/mL/hr) | 113 (17.5%) | 23 (14.0%) | 27 (16.6%) | 36 (21.1%) | 27 (18.2%) | |
| Unsuppressed (≥ 1.0 ng/mL/hr) | 185 (28.6%) | 38 (23.2%) | 37 (22.7%) | 49 (28.7%) | 61 (41.2%) | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 629 (69%) | 172 (73%) | 148 (64%) | 148 (65%) | 161 (75%) | 0.0305 |
| Male | 283 (31%) | 65 (27%) | 83 (36%) | 80 (35%) | 55 (25%) | |
| Education | ||||||
| < High school education | 165 (18%) | 51 (22%) | 32 (14%) | 40 (18%) | 42 (19%) | 0.1724 |
| ≥ High school education | 747 (82%) | 186 (78%) | 199 (86%) | 188 (82%) | 174 (81%) | |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Management/ Professional | 393 (43%) | 99 (42%) | 100 (43%) | 102 (45%) | 92 (43%) | 0.9307 |
| Other | 519 (57%) | 138 (58%) | 131 (57%) | 126 (55%) | 124 (57%) | |
| Current Smoking | 86 (9%) | 23 (10%) | 24 (10%) | 23 (10%) | 16 (7%) | 0.7008 |
| AHA Physical activity | ||||||
| Poor Health | 435 (48%) | 118 (50%) | 105 (45%) | 103 (45%) | 109 (50%) | 0.1003 |
| Intermediate Health | 287 (31%) | 78 (33%) | 81 (35%) | 62 (27%) | 66 (31%) | |
| Ideal Health | 190 (21%) | 41 (17%) | 45 (19%) | 63 (28%) | 41 (19%) | |
| Any alcohol use | 403 (44%) | 91 (38%) | 117 (51%) | 114 (50%) | 81 (38%) | 0.0027 |
| Diabetes | 191 (21%) | 49 (21%) | 41 (18%) | 50 (22%) | 51 (24%) | 0.4759 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 80 (9%) | 25 (11%) | 18 (8%) | 18 (8%) | 19 (9%) | 0.6982 |
| Use of antihypertensive medications | 525 (58%) | 97 (41%) | 114 (49%) | 143 (63%) | 171 (79%) | <.0001 |
| Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Use | 186 (20%) | 38 (16%) | 50 (22%) | 47 (21%) | 51 (24%) | 0.2231 |
| Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Use | 66 (7%) | 17 (7%) | 15 (6%) | 18 (8%) | 16 (7%) | 0.9508 |
| Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Use | 12 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 11 (5%) | <.0001 |
| Beta Blocker Use | 103 (11%) | 18 (8%) | 21 (9%) | 28 (12%) | 36 (17%) | 0.0129 |
| Calcium Channel Blocker Use | 188 (21%) | 26 (11%) | 37 (16%) | 49 (21%) | 76 (35%) | <.0001 |
| Diuretic Use | 351 (38%) | 41 (17%) | 72 (31%) | 100 (44%) | 138 (64%) | <.0001 |
| Use of hormone replacement therapy | 199 (22%) | 56 (24%) | 54 (23%) | 44 (19%) | 45 (21%) | 0.6246 |
| Clinic hypertension | 181 (19.9%) | 46 (19.4%) | 39 (16.9%) | 36 (15.8%) | 60 (27.8%) | 0.0067 |
| Daytime hypertension | 346 (38%) | 85 (36%) | 84 (36%) | 84 (37%) | 93 (43%) | 0.3626 |
| Nocturnal hypertension | 505 (55%) | 119 (50%) | 118 (51%) | 129 (57%) | 139 (64%) | 0.0095 |
| Daytime and Nocturnal Hypertension | 307 (34%) | 73 (31%) | 73 (32%) | 76 (33%) | 85 (39%) | 0.2168 |
| Sustained hypertension | 128 (14%) | 34 (14.4%) | 23 (10%) | 25 (11%) | 46 (21.3%) | 0.0024 |
| Non-dipping pattern | 598 (66%) | 154 (65%) | 147 (64%) | 147 (64%) | 150 (69%) | 0.5772 |
| White coat hypertension | 53 (6%) | 12 (5%) | 16 (7%) | 11(5%) | 14 (6%) | 0.7173 |
| Masked hypertension | 218 (24%) | 51 (22%) | 61 (26%) | 59 (26%) | 47 (22%) | 0.4626 |
Values are mean +/− (SD) or median (interquartile range) or %.
P-values were calculated using chi-square (categorical variables), ANOVA (parametric continuous variables), and Kruskal-Wallis tests (non-parametric continuous variables).
CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology collaboration equation); AHA, American Heart Association, AHA physical activity was defined by AHA “2020” guidelines. Physical activity was considered as poor health (0 min of moderate and vigorous activity), intermediate health (> 0 min but < 150 min of moderate activity),>0 min but<75 min of vigorous activity, or > 0 min but < 150 min of combined moderate and vigorous activity), and ideal health (≥ 150 min of moderate activity, ≥ 75 min of vigorous activity, or ≥ 150 min of combined moderate and vigorous activity).
Clinic Hypertension = clinic SBP ≥140 mmHg or clinic DBP ≥90 mmHg; Daytime Hypertension = daytime SBP ≥ 135 mmHg or daytime DBP ≥85 mmHg, Nocturnal Hypertension = night-time SBP ≥ 120 mmHg or night-time DBP ≥ 70 mmHg; Daytime & Nocturnal hypertension = combination of Daytime and Nocturnal Hypertension; Sustained hypertension = combination of Clinic and Daytime Hypertension; Non-Dipping Pattern = <10% decrease in mean awake vs mean asleep SBP; White Coat Hypertension = absence of Daytime Hypertension with presence of Clinic Hypertension, Masked Hypertension = presence of Daytime Hypertension with absence of Clinic Hypertension.
Daily sodium and potassium intake in milligrams were evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire.30