Table 1.

Clinical features of immunotherapy-induced neurologic ir-AEs.

	Agents	Clinical features	Diagnostic assessments	Treatments
Headache	Cetuximab; rituximab (rituxan); lucatumumab; ipilimumab; pembrolizumab; tremelimumab	Unspecific	The status of patients should be monitored closely	Mostly self-limited
Acute encephalopathy	Rituximab; ipilimumab; bevacizumab; alemtuzumab; tremelimumab; pembrolizumab; blinatumomab; CD19-CAR-T	Confusion, delirium, cognitive impairment, speech disorders, impaired attention, and dizziness	MRI, CT, EEG, and lumbar punctures	Drug pausing or withdrawal; steroids
Chronic encephalopathy	Rituximab; brentuximab; nivolumab; alemtuzumab; CAR-T therapy	Progressive dementia, cognitive dysfunction, personality change, blunted effect, and amnestic syndrome	Neuropsychological testing, lumbar puncture, MRI, EEG, and laboratory assessments	Discontinuation of the treatment, plasmapheresis, and steroids.
PRES	Rituximab; blinatumomab; CD19-CAR-T; bevacizumab; ipilimumab; sunitinib	Seizures, headache, confusion, visual changes	MRI, CT, lumbar punctures, EEG, and blood pressure assessment	Discontinue immunotherapy, prevent ischemia, steroids, and antiepileptic drugs
Aseptic meningitis	Cetuximab; pembrolizumab; nivolumab; ipilimumab; CD19-CAR-T	Unspecific headaches, photophobia, neck stiffness, and altered mental status	Lumbar punctures, CT, MRI bacterial culture, viral culture, and fungal culture	Generally self-limited. Drug withdrawal, intravenous high-dose methylprednisolone, dexchlorpheniramine, or equivalent metered dexamethasone
Peripheral neuropathy	Rituximab; ofatumumab; dacetuzumab; brentuximab vedotin; gemtuzumab ozogamicin; ipilimumab; pembrolizumab; nivolumab; blinatumomab; provenge vaccine	Sensory deficits, motor deficits	CT, MRI, lumbar punctures, electrophysiological assessment, and clinical assessment	Drug withdrawal and glucocorticoid; severe peripheral neuropathy: methylprednisolone 7.5–30 mg/kg/day plus tacrolimus 0.15 mg/kg twice a day, plasmapheresis
Cerebellar dysfunction	Ofatumumab; trastuzumab; ipilimumab; blinatumomab	Ataxia, nystagmus, confusion, scanning speech, and confusion	MRI, CT, EEG	Drug withdrawal and steroids
MG	Ipilimumab; pembrolizumab	Fatigable weakness in proximal limb muscles, ptosis, dyspnea, and diplopia	Blood test for AChR antibodies and MUSK, electromyography, CT, and MRI	Discontinuation or withholding of drugs was recommended; corticosteroids and immunoglobulin
GBS	ICIs; TCR-T therapy	Progressive ascending symmetry paralysis, proximal limb weakness, and peripheral sensory disturbance	Clinical features, MRI, electromyography, nerve conduction studies, and lumbar puncture	Discontinue immunotherapy, corticosteroids therapy combination with IVIG or plasmapheresis

PRES: posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome; GBS: Guillain–Barre syndrome; MG: myasthenia gravis; ICIs: immune checkpoints inhibitors.