Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants
| All participants (n=1050) | LVEF >40 group (n=945) | LVEF ≤40 group (n=105) | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | |||||
| 18–69 | 636 (61%) | 583 (62%) | 53 (50%) | 0·034 | |
| ≥70 | 414 (39%) | 362 (38%) | 52 (50%) | .. | |
| Mean (SD) | 62 (17·4) | 62 (17·5) | 67 (15·3) | 0·0014 | |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 535 (51%) | 466 (49%) | 69 (66%) | 0·0015 | |
| Female | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
| Mean TTE LVEF (SD), % | 54% (10·3) | 57% (5·8) | 30% (8·2) | <0·0001 | |
| Ethnicity | .. | .. | .. | 0·4 | |
| Asian | 199 (19%) | 176 (19%) | 23 (22%) | .. | |
| Black | 95 (9%) | 84 (9%) | 11 (10%) | .. | |
| Mixed | 22 (2%) | 18 (12%) | <5 | .. | |
| Other | 116 (11%) | 102 (11%) | 14 (13%) | .. | |
| White | 618 (59%) | 565 (60%) | 53 (50%) | .. | |
| Medical history | |||||
| Hypertension | 395 (38%) | 338 (36%) | 57 (54%) | <0·0001 | |
| Myocardial infarction | 102 (10%) | 62 (6%) | 40 (38%) | <0·0001 | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 173 (16%) | 146 (15%) | 27 (26%) | 0·011 | |
| Pacemaker | 59 (6%) | 43 (5%) | 16 (15%) | <0·0001 | |
| Diabetes | 224 (21%) | 181 (19%) | 43 (41%) | <0·0001 | |
| Stroke or transient ischaemic attack | 100 (10%) | 85 (9%) | 15 (14%) | 0·11 | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 98 (9%) | 74 (8%) | 24 (23%) | <0·001 | |
| Smoking | 148 (14%) | 132 (14%) | 16 (15%) | 0·78 | |
| Excessive alcohol intake | 26 (2%) | 25 (2·6%) | <5 | 0·48 | |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 188 (18%) | 159 (17%) | 29 (28%) | 0·0098 | |
| Pregnancy (current) | 21 (2%) | 21 (2%) | 0 | 0·24 | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 57 (5%) | 48 (5%) | 9 (89%) | 0·20 | |
Data are n (%) unless otherwise stated. Characteristics reported in fewer than five participants are shown as <5. p values were calculated via Student's t test or Pearson's χ2 test. Ethnicity was self-reported from a list of 18 options drawn from the UK Office of National Statistics Census for England.15 Full ethnicity breakdown is available in the appendix (p 2). TTE LVEF=transthoracic echocardiogram-derived left ventricular ejection fraction.