Table 2.

Participants’ background features and WM measures

	Background features
N	168
Sex (M/F)	73/95
Age (years)	48.41 ± 19.08 (18–86)
Education (years)	12.09 ± 4.8 (4–21)
MMSE	28.44 ± 2.31 (17–30)
WM measures	T	WM/S
DOT	7.33 ± 2.45(1–14)	6.25 ± 1.48 (2–12)
ICT	7.29 ± 2.81 (2–16)	6.32 ± 1.81 (3–11)
FDS	9.98 ± 2.48 (4–16)	6.45 ± 1.34 (4–9)
BDS	7.07 ± 2.73 (2–14)	5.02 ± 1.5 (2–8)
DSR	71 ± .21 (.22–1.27)	.78 ± .18 (.18–1.25)

Notes: F, female; M, male; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; DOT, Digit Ordering Test; ICT, Ice Cream Test; FDS, forward digit span; FDS, backward digit span; DSR, digit span ratio; T, Total; WM, working memory; S, span