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. 2022 Jan 12;15:730407. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.730407

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Copyright © 2022 Caravaca, Levine, Drake, Eberhardson and Olofsson.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Sustained protection against indomethacin-induced intestinal ulcerations after VNS. Rats were subjected to VNS or sham surgery followed by a rest period of 0.5, 24, 48, or 72 h and subsequent subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg indomethacin in 5% sodium bicarbonate. Animals were injected systemically with Evans blue prior to euthanasia at 24 h after indomethacin injection. The small intestine was formalin-fixed, photographed and digitized. Total lesion area was quantified by a blinded scorer using Scion Image or ImageJ. Data is presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 vs. sham; n = 5–20 per group. Dotted line specifies the mean of the sham group.