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. 2022 Jan 12;12:788976. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.788976

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Copyright © 2022 Poh, Loh, Friedland and Ong

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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MMP-1, -2, -3, and -9 are expressed in human CNS-TB granulomas. Infiltrated mononuclear cells (MNCs) in the meninges were immunoreactive for MMP-2 and -9. In particular, MMP-9 was expressed in the perivascular leukocytes at necrotic vessel, contributing to BBB disruption (185). In the granuloma, MMP-9 was highly expressed around the area of caseous necrosis, unopposed by TIMP-1 (194). Astrocytes are the main CNS cellular source of MMP-9, compared with other sources including MNCs, neutrophils and microglia (184). Microglia-derived MMP-1 and -3 were found decreasing towards fibrosis peri-granuloma region (176). Illustration created with Biorender.com.