Table 2.

Qualitative assessment of example projects

Project	Collaborative Relationships	Engagement Intensity	Context Knowledge	Impacts
Planning for Drought in the Warming and Drying Southwest	Early	High	Low	Primarily conceptual; eventually instrumental
Silalirijiit: Studying Weather in Clyde River, Nunavut	Mature	High	Low	Conceptual and instrumental
The Northwest Arctic Borough Science Program	Early	High	High	Conceptual and instrumental
Examining the Influence of Temperature and Precipitation on Colorado River Water Resources	Mature	Low	High	Conceptual
Resilience and Adaptation to Change in the Arctic, Alaska, Japan, Norway	Early	Low	High	Conceptual

For each factor, simple binaries were used to characterize the cases. Early partnerships are those without pre-existing relationships between researchers and stakeholders. Mature partnerships are those built around pre-existing relationships. Engagement intensity was qualitatively assessed based on frequency and quality of communications and joint convenings as well as presence of jointly produced outputs. Context knowledge assessment is reflective of all collaborators (nonacademic partners and researchers)