Fig. 2.

A TN finding by both cMRI and phyMRI. The cMRI and phyMRI data of a 61-year-old male patient revealed no evidence for recurrence of the astrocytoma WHO grade 3. This patient showed no evidence for recurrence in the next follow-up examination 6 months later. B FP finding by phyMRI. The phyMRI biomarker map for µCBV of a 52-year-old male patient showed increased microvascular perfusion in the vicinity of the resection cavity which was (incorrectly) interpreted as recurrence of the oligodendroglioma WHO grade 3. Noteworthy, MTI showed no evidence for neovascularization activity and PO₂ restored or increased oxygen levels. The cMRI showed no evidence for recurrence, i.e., were TN, because the next two follow-up examination 6 and 12 months later also showed no evidence for recurrence. The area with increased µCBV was not visible in the next follow-ups. C FP finding by cMRI. The CE T1w MRI of a 46-year-old female patient showed a new contrast enhancement in the vicinity of the resection cavity (standard therapy was 4.2 years ago) which was (incorrectly) interpreted as recurrence of the oligodendroglioma WHO grade 3. The phyMRI data showed no evidence for recurrence, i.e., were TN, because the next four follow-up examination also showed no evidence for recurrence. The CE area was not visible in the next follow-ups. D Simultaneous TP detection of WHO grade 3 glioma recurrence in both cMRI and phyMRI. cMRI including anatomical sequences (CE T1w and FLAIR) and macrovascular perfusion (CBV), as well as phyMRI biomarker maps of microvascular perfusion (µCBV), microvessel density (MVD), neovascularization activity (MTI), and tissue oxygen tension (PO₂) of a 31-year-old male patient clearly demonstrated recurrence of an astrocytoma WHO grade 3. This patient received a temozolomide rechallenge