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. 2022 Jan 25;12:1367. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05250-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Spearman rank correlations between individual and grouped HMOs, microbial counts and immunological compounds concentrations in milk samples from healthy women (HW group; A) and mastitis cases (MW group; B). Only statistically significant (p < 0.05) correlations between those individual or grouped compounds or bacteria that were present in > 50% of the samples in each group are shown. The strength and colors indicate directionally (blue denotes positive; red denotes negative) of the association. DFLac, difucosyllactose; DFLNH, difucosyllacto-N-hexaose; DFLNT, difucosyllacto-N-tetrose; DSLNH, diasilyllacto-N-hexaose; DSLNT, diasilyllacto-N-tetraose; FDSLNH, fucodisialyllacto-N-hexaose; FLNH, fucosyllacto-N-hexaose; HMO, human milk oligosaccharide; LNFP, lacto-N-fucopentaose; LNH, lacto-N-hexaose; LNnT, lacto-N-neotetraose; LNT, lacto-N-tetraose; LSTb, sialyl-lacto-N-tetraose b; LSTc, sialyl-lacto-N-tetraose c; 2’FL, 2’-fucosyllactose; 3FL, 3-fucosyllactose; 3’SL, 3’-sialyllactose; 6’SL, 6’-sialyllactose. Total HMO-bound sialic acid; total HMO-bound fucose; small HMO; type 1; type 2; α-1,2; α-1,3; and α-2,6 were calculated as the sum of all sialic acid moieties bound to each HMO; all fucose moieties bound to each HMO; 2’FL + 3FL + 3’SL + 6’SL; LNT + LNFP I + LNFP II + LSTb + DSLNT; LNnT + LNFP III + LSTc; LNFP I + 2’FL; LNFP III + 3FL; and LSTb + LSTc + 6’SL, respectively. GCSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; INFγ, interferon-γ; IL, interleukin; MCP1, macrophage-monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MIP1β, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β; TGFβ₂, transforming growth factor-β₂; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-α.