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. 2022 Jan 25;12:1367. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05250-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Box-plots showing the concentrations (nmol/mL) of the individual HMOs. The boxes represent the values of the interquartile ranges, with the median represented as a line. Outliers are represented as dots. Samples colored in red belong to acute mastitis (AM) cases and those in green to subacute mastitis (SAM) cases. Wilcoxon rank sum tests or ANOVA tests (depending on the distribution of the data) were used to determine differences in HMOs concentration between samples from acute or subacute mastitis-suffering women. DFLac, difucosyllactose; DFLNH, difucosyllacto-N-hexaose; DFLNT, difucosyllacto-N-tetrose; DSLNH, diasilyllacto-N-hexaose; DSLNT, diasilyllacto-N-tetraose; FDSLNH, fucodisialyllacto-N-hexaose; FLNH, fucosyllacto-N-hexaose; HMO, human milk oligosaccharide; LNFP, lacto-N-fucopentaose; LNH, lacto-N-hexaose; LNnT, lacto-N-neotetraose; LNT, lacto-N-tetraose; LSTb, sialyl-lacto-N-tetraose b; LSTc, sialyl-lacto-N-tetraose c; 2’FL, 2’-fucosyllactose; 3FL, 3-fucosyllactose; 3’SL, 3’-sialyllactose; 6’SL, 6’-sialyllactose.