Table 1.
Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and other anti-diabetic drugs in type 2 diabetic patients with and without metformin.
| Variable | Total | Non-metformin | Metformin | SMD§ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 30,196 | N = 15,098 | N = 15,098 | ||
| n | n (%)/Mean ± SD | n (%)/Mean ± SD | ||
| Age (year) | ||||
| <40 | 2,158 | 1,020 (6.76) | 1,138 (7.54) | 0.0303 |
| 40–49 | 4,155 | 2,059 (13.64) | 2,096 (13.88) | 0.0071 |
| 50–59 | 7,446 | 3,717 (24.62) | 3,729 (24.70) | 0.0018 |
| ≥60 | 16,437 | 8,302 (54.99) | 8,135 (53.88) | 0.0222 |
| Mean ± SD | 62.10 ± 14.51 | 61.54 ± 14.51 | 0.0387 | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 15,379 | 7,765 (51.43) | 7,614 (50.43) | 0.0200 |
| Baseline comorbidities | ||||
| Cirrhosis | 12,395 | 6,123 (40.56) | 6,272 (41.54) | 0.0201 |
| Hypertension | 20,013 | 10,091 (66.84) | 9,922 (65.72) | 0.0237 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 14,383 | 7,140 (47.29) | 7,243 (47.97) | 0.0137 |
| Asthma | 4,891 | 2,407 (15.94) | 2,484 (16.45) | 0.0138 |
| COPD | 11,508 | 5,753 (38.10) | 5,755 (38.12) | 0.0003 |
| CAD | 9,882 | 4,952 (32.80) | 4,930 (32.65) | 0.0031 |
| Anxiety | 9,426 | 4,694 (31.09) | 4,732 (31.34) | 0.0054 |
| Alcohol-related disorders | 365 | 183 (1.21) | 182 (1.21) | 0.0006 |
| Tobacco use disorder | 344 | 171 (1.13) | 173 (1.15) | 0.0012 |
| Autoimmune diseases | 90 | 44 (0.29) | 46 (0.30) | 0.0024 |
| Other anti-diabetic drugs | ||||
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 1,018 | 467 (3.09) | 551 (3.65) | 0.0308 |
| Sulfonylureas | 11,287 | 5,756 (38.12) | 5,531 (36.63) | 0.0308 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 1,038 | 498 (3.30) | 540 (3.58) | 0.0153 |
| α-glucosidase inhibitors | 2,258 | 1,065 (7.05) | 1,193 (7.90) | 0.0322 |
| Follow-up duration (year) | 7,213 | 3,513 (23.27) | 3,700 (24.51) | 0.0291 |
§
A standardized mean difference of ≤0.1 indicates a negligible difference between the two cohorts.
CAD, Coronary Artery Disease; COPD, Chronic Obstruction Pulmonary Disease; PP-4, DiPeptidyl Peptidase-4; SD, Standard Deviation; SMD, Standardized Mean Difference.