Table 2.
Cox regression analyses of Sjögren's syndrome associated with metformin, demographics, baseline comorbidities, and other anti-diabetic drugs in type 2 diabetic patients.
| Variable | Event | Person-year | IR | Crude | Adjusted* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 36 | 100,000 person-years | HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | ||
| Metformin | |||||||
| No | 24 | 58,779 | 40.83 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 12 | 71,362 | 16.82 | 0.43 (0.21, 0.86) | 0.0170 | 0.46 (0.23, 0.92) | 0.0292 |
| Age (year) | |||||||
| <40 | 1 | 11,756 | 8.51 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| 40–49 | 6 | 20,154 | 29.77 | 3.38 (0.41, 28.10) | 0.2593 | 4.40 (0.52, 37.03) | 0.1729 |
| 50–59 | 11 | 32,639 | 33.70 | 3.73 (0.48, 28.94) | 0.2077 | 4.74 (0.59, 38.03) | 0.1427 |
| ≥60 | 18 | 65,591 | 27.44 | 2.99 (0.40, 22.43) | 0.2866 | 4.83 (0.60, 39.12) | 0.1400 |
| Sex | |||||||
| Female | 32 | 66,541 | 48.09 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Male | 4 | 63,599 | 6.29 | 0.13 (0.05, 0.36) | 0.0001 | 0.15 (0.05, 0.41) | 0.0003 |
| Baseline comorbidities | |||||||
| Cirrhosis | |||||||
| No | 14 | 76,085 | 18.40 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 22 | 54,055 | 40.70 | 2.22 (1.13, 4.34) | 0.0198 | 2.26 (1.13, 4.54) | 0.0214 |
| Hypertension | |||||||
| No | 18 | 49,206 | 36.58 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 18 | 80,935 | 22.24 | 0.58 (0.30, 1.11) | 0.0994 | 0.47 (0.22, 1.00) | 0.0511 |
| Hyperlipidemia | |||||||
| No | 17 | 70,369 | 24.16 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 19 | 59,772 | 31.79 | 1.27 (0.66, 2.46) | 0.4730 | 0.94 (0.47, 1.90) | 0.8711 |
| Asthma | |||||||
| No | 28 | 111,701 | 25.07 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 8 | 18,440 | 43.38 | 1.67 (0.76, 3.66) | 0.2026 | 1.16 (0.45, 3.02) | 0.7565 |
| COPD | |||||||
| No | 19 | 84,762 | 22.42 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 17 | 45,379 | 37.46 | 1.62 (0.84, 3.12) | 0.1505 | 1.39 (0.61, 3.15) | 0.4365 |
| CAD | |||||||
| No | 24 | 90,538 | 26.51 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 12 | 39,602 | 30.30 | 1.11 (0.56, 2.23) | 0.7625 | 1.03 (0.46, 2.29) | 0.9421 |
| Anxiety | |||||||
| No | 19 | 90,705 | 20.95 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 17 | 39,436 | 43.11 | 2.03 (1.05, 3.90) | 0.0345 | 1.30 (0.64, 2.62) | 0.4631 |
| Alcohol-related disorders | |||||||
| No | 36 | 128,831 | 27.94 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 0 | 1,310 | 0.00 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Tobacco use disorder | |||||||
| No | 36 | 129,097 | 27.89 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 0 | 1,043 | 0.00 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Autoimmune diseases | |||||||
| No | 36 | 129,797 | 27.74 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 0 | 344 | 0.00 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Other anti-diabetic drugs | |||||||
| DPP-4 inhibitors | |||||||
| No | 36 | 124,956 | 28.81 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 0 | 5,185 | 0.00 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sulfonylureas | |||||||
| No | 29 | 78,062 | 37.15 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 7 | 52,079 | 13.44 | 0.38 (0.16, 0.86) | 0.0204 | 0.51 (0.21, 1.22) | 0.1297 |
| Thiazolidinediones | |||||||
| No | 36 | 124,403 | 28.94 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 0 | 5,738 | 0.00 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| α-glucosidase inhibitors | |||||||
| No | 32 | 119,006 | 26.89 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 4 | 11,135 | 35.92 | 1.39 (0.49, 3.94) | 0.5329 | 1.80 (0.63, 5.14) | 0.2752 |
| Insulin | |||||||
| No | 33 | 101,450 | 32.53 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 3 | 28,690 | 10.46 | 0.32 (0.10, 1.05) | 0.0599 | 0.52 (0.15, 1.80) | 0.3010 |
CAD, Coronary Artery Disease; CI, Confidence Interval; COPD, Chronic Obstruction Pulmonary Disease; DPP-4, DiPeptidyl Peptidase-4; HR, Hazard Ratio; IR, Incidence Rate.
*
Adjusted for demographics, baseline comorbidities, and other anti-diabetic drugs listed above.