Table 3.
Comparisons of incidence of Sjögren's syndrome in type 2 diabetic patients with and without metformin stratified by demographics, baseline comorbidities, and other anti-diabetic drugs.
| Variable | Non-metformin | Metformin | Metformin vs. non-metformin | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Event | Person-year | IR | Event | Person-year | IR | Crude | Adjusted* | |||
| N = 24 | 100,000 person-years | N = 12 | 100,000 person-years | HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | |||
| All | 24 | 58,779 | 40.83 | 12 | 71,362 | 16.82 | 0.43 (0.21, 0.86) | 0.0170 | 0.46 (0.23, 0.92) | 0.0292 |
| Age (year) | ||||||||||
| 20–39 | 1 | 5,314 | 18.82 | 0 | 6,442 | 0.00 | NA | NA | ||
| 40–59 | 3 | 9,326 | 32.17 | 3 | 10,828 | 27.71 | 0.79 (0.16, 3.94) | 0.7744 | 0.90 (0.17, 4.67) | 0.8998 |
| 50–59 | 7 | 15,189 | 46.09 | 4 | 17,450 | 22.92 | 0.51 (0.15, 1.74) | 0.2805 | 0.58 (0.17, 2.03) | 0.3982 |
| ≥60 | 13 | 28,949 | 44.91 | 5 | 36,642 | 13.65 | 0.34 (0.12, 0.96) | 0.0423 | 0.34 (0.12, 0.96) | 0.0407 |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Female | 20 | 30,255 | 66.11 | 12 | 36,287 | 33.07 | 0.53 (0.26, 1.08) | 0.0782 | 0.57 (0.28, 1.17) | 0.1249 |
| Male | 4 | 28,524 | 14.02 | 0 | 35,075 | 0.00 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Baseline comorbidities | ||||||||||
| Cirrhosis | ||||||||||
| No | 11 | 34,373 | 32.00 | 3 | 41,713 | 7.19 | 0.24 (0.07, 0.88) | 0.0305 | 0.27 (0.07, 0.96) | 0.0434 |
| Yes | 13 | 24,406 | 53.27 | 9 | 29,649 | 30.35 | 0.58 (0.25, 1.36) | 0.2079 | 0.61 (0.26, 1.44) | 0.2607 |
| Hypertension | ||||||||||
| No | 12 | 22,131 | 54.22 | 6 | 27,075 | 22.16 | 0.41 (0.15, 1.09) | 0.0725 | 0.48 (0.18, 1.30) | 0.1495 |
| Yes | 12 | 36,647 | 32.74 | 6 | 44,287 | 13.55 | 0.46 (0.17, 1.23) | 0.1232 | 0.46 (0.17, 1.24) | 0.1241 |
| Hyperlipidemia | ||||||||||
| No | 11 | 30,750 | 35.77 | 6 | 39,619 | 15.14 | 0.46 (0.17, 1.25) | 0.1299 | 0.48 (0.18, 1.30) | 0.1497 |
| Yes | 13 | 28,029 | 46.38 | 6 | 31,743 | 18.90 | 0.41 (0.16, 1.08) | 0.0725 | 0.47 (0.18, 1.25) | 0.1291 |
| Asthma | ||||||||||
| No | 19 | 50,598 | 37.55 | 9 | 61,103 | 14.73 | 0.40 (0.18, 0.89) | 0.0254 | 0.43 (0.19, 0.97) | 0.0415 |
| Yes | 5 | 8,180 | 61.12 | 3 | 10,259 | 29.24 | 0.52 (0.12, 2.16) | 0.3652 | 0.55 (0.13, 2.33) | 0.4213 |
| COPD | ||||||||||
| No | 13 | 38,222 | 34.01 | 6 | 46,540 | 12.89 | 0.40 (0.15, 1.05) | 0.0635 | 0.47 (0.18, 1.24) | 0.1260 |
| Yes | 11 | 20,557 | 53.51 | 6 | 24,822 | 24.17 | 0.46 (0.17, 1.25) | 0.1272 | 0.47 (0.17, 1.27) | 0.1342 |
| CAD | ||||||||||
| No | 15 | 40,991 | 36.59 | 9 | 49,548 | 18.16 | 0.51 (0.22, 1.17) | 0.1102 | 0.57 (0.25, 1.30) | 0.1794 |
| Yes | 9 | 17,788 | 50.60 | 3 | 21,814 | 13.75 | 0.29 (0.08, 1.08) | 0.0656 | 0.29 (0.08, 1.07) | 0.0638 |
| Anxiety | ||||||||||
| No | 12 | 40,340 | 29.75 | 7 | 50,365 | 13.90 | 0.50 (0.19, 1.26) | 0.1415 | 0.52 (0.20, 1.32) | 0.1668 |
| Yes | 12 | 18,438 | 65.08 | 5 | 20,997 | 23.81 | 0.37 (0.13, 1.06) | 0.0646 | 0.41 (0.14, 1.18) | 0.0987 |
| Alcohol-related disorders | ||||||||||
| No | 24 | 58,195 | 41.24 | 12 | 70,636 | 16.99 | 0.43 (0.21, 0.86) | 0.0170 | 0.46 (0.23, 0.92) | 0.0292 |
| Yes | 0 | 584 | 0.00 | 0 | 726 | 0.00 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Tobacco use disorder | ||||||||||
| No | 24 | 58,260 | 41.19 | 12 | 70,838 | 16.94 | 0.43 (0.21, 0.86) | 0.0169 | 0.46 (0.23, 0.92) | 0.0292 |
| Yes | 0 | 519 | 0.00 | 0 | 524 | 0.00 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Autoimmune diseases | ||||||||||
| No | 24 | 58,613 | 40.95 | 12 | 71,184 | 16.86 | 0.43 (0.21, 0.86) | 0.0169 | 0.46 (0.23, 0.92) | 0.0292 |
| Yes | 0 | 165 | 0.00 | 0 | 179 | 0.00 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Other anti-diabetic drugs | ||||||||||
| DPP-4 inhibitors | ||||||||||
| No | 24 | 56,626 | 42.38 | 12 | 68,330 | 17.56 | 0.43 (0.22, 0.86) | 0.0176 | 0.46 (0.23, 0.92) | 0.0292 |
| Yes | 0 | 2,153 | 0.00 | 0 | 3,032 | 0.00 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sulfonylureas | ||||||||||
| No | 20 | 37,290 | 53.63 | 9 | 40,772 | 22.07 | 0.42 (0.19, 0.91) | 0.0285 | 0.44 (0.20, 0.97) | 0.0425 |
| Yes | 4 | 21,489 | 18.61 | 3 | 30,590 | 9.81 | 0.59 (0.13, 2.66) | 0.4928 | 0.61 (0.13, 2.75) | 0.5178 |
| Thiazolidinediones | ||||||||||
| No | 24 | 56,583 | 42.42 | 12 | 67,819 | 17.69 | 0.43 (0.22, 0.87) | 0.0181 | 0.46 (0.23, 0.92) | 0.0292 |
| Yes | 0 | 2,195 | 0.00 | 0 | 3,543 | 0.00 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| α-glucosidase inhibitors | ||||||||||
| No | 22 | 54,368 | 40.47 | 10 | 64,638 | 15.47 | 0.40 (0.19, 0.84) | 0.0154 | 0.45 (0.21, 0.95) | 0.0361 |
| Yes | 2 | 4,411 | 45.34 | 2 | 6,724 | 29.75 | 0.73 (0.10, 5.19) | 0.7500 | 0.34 (0.03, 3.87) | 0.3869 |
| Insulin | ||||||||||
| No | 22 | 47,999 | 45.83 | 11 | 53,452 | 20.58 | 0.46 (0.22, 0.95) | 0.0360 | 0.49 (0.24, 1.02) | 0.0559 |
| Yes | 2 | 10,780 | 18.55 | 1 | 17,910 | 5.58 | 0.33 (0.03, 3.70) | 0.3701 | 0.28 (0.02, 4.10) | 0.3520 |
CAD, Coronary Artery Disease; CI, Confidence Interval; COPD, Chronic Obstruction Pulmonary Disease; DPP-4, DiPeptidyl Peptidase-4; HR, Hazard Ratio; IR, Incidence Rate.
*
Adjusted for demographics, baseline comorbidities, and other anti-diabetic drugs listed above.