TABLE 4.
The effects of exogenous synthetic opioids on macrophage’s function.
| Exogenous synthetic opioids | Animal models/cell types | Effects on macrophages | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| CGPM-9 | Rat peritoneal macrophages | Inhibits the production of NO and TNF-α | Hicks et al. (2001) |
| SNC80 | Rat peritoneal macrophages | Stimulates the production of NO and TNF-α | Gomez-Flores et al. (2001) |
| Rat splenic macrophages | |||
| DPDPE | Murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) | Changes the dimer composition of NF-κB; slightly inhibit the production of MIP-2 | Husted et al. (2005) |
| DADLE | Rat peritoneal macrophages; septic models | Inhibits the release of HMGB1, TNF-α, and IFN-γ | Tang et al. (2011) |
| U50488 | Rat alveolar macrophage cell line (NR8383) | Anti-inflammatory effect on pulmonary macrophages | Zeng et al. (2020) |
| Salvinorin A | Mouse peritoneal macrophages | Moderate anti-inflammatory effects | Aviello et al. (2011); Zeng et al. (2020) |
| Ohmefentanyl | Rat peritoneal macrophages | Reduces the concentration of TNF-α and IL-1β; reduce phagocytic and bactericidal activity | Li et al. (2008) |
| Nalbuphine | Mouse contact allergic dermatitis model | Increases the production of M1 and IL-10 | Inan et al. (2019) |
| MENK | Rat peritoneal macrophages | Regulates H2O2 release | Stanojević et al. (2008) |
| Tumor-associated macrophages | Promotes the transformation from M1 to M2 | Wang et al. (2018) |
CGPM-9: 4-tyrosylamido-6-benzyl-1,2,3,4 tetrahydroquinoline; SNC80: 4-[alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide; DPDPE: (D2,5Pen)-enkephalin; DADLE: (D-Ala2, D-Leu5)-enkephalin; HMGB1: high-mobility group box 1 protein; U50488: trans-(±)3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl]-benzeneacetamide; MENK: methionine-enkephalin.