Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Study | Year | Design study | Area | Infection group | Non-infection group | Risk factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stang et al. (8) | 2002 | Case-control | USA | 26 | 137 | 01.02.03.07.20.21.22.24 |
| Hanes et al. (9) | 2006 | Cohort | France | 30 | 60 | 01.02.07.08.09.11.14.15.16.17.18.21.22.23.24.25 |
| Nseir et al. (10) | 2011 | Case-control | China | 35 | 140 | 01.02.04.11.14.15.16.19.21.23 |
| Xu et al. (11) | 2012 | Case-control | Germany | 36 | 28 | 01.02.03.08.09.10.12.13.14.15.17.18 |
| Guo et al. (12) | 2014 | Case-control | China | 42 | 84 | 01.02.04.06.08.09.11.14.15.16.19 |
| Saugel et al. (13) | 2016 | Case-control | Netherlands | 6 | 15 | 01.02.03.08.09.10.11.13.14.16 |
| Ibn Saied et al. (14) | 2019 | Case-control | China | 29 | 58 | 01.02.03.09.10.11.13.14.17.18.21.22.23.24.25 |
| Lei et al. (15) | 2020 | Case-control | USA | 102 | 1,492 | 01.02.05.06.07.11.12.13.20 |
01, Age, years; 02, Gender; 03, APACHE-II score; 04, APACHE-II score >20; 05, Glasgow score; 06, Glucocorticoid; 07, Length of ICU stay, days; 08, COPD; 09, Diabetes; 10, Malignancy; 11, Cardiovascular disease; 12, kidney dysfunction; 13, Immunosuppression; 14, Mechanical ventilation; 15, Tracheal intubation; 16, Tracheotomy; 17, Central venous catheterization; 18, Urinary catheter; 19, Nasogastric tube; 20, Operation; 21, Carbapenems; 22, β-lactamase inhibitor; 23, Aminoglycosides; 24, Quinolones; 25, Nitroimidazoles.