Table 3. Parameters related to the ankle, knee, hip, pelvis and thoracic for orthotic effect.
| AFO-PlfS group | AFO-PlfR group | Orthotic effect 1 2 3 4 | |||||||
|
1 SSh |
2 AFO-SSh |
3 SSh |
4 AFO-SSh |
Interaction | With AFO/WO (only SS) | AFO group | Paired t-test | ||
| AFO-PlfS | AFO-PlfR | ||||||||
| Ankle joint angle | |||||||||
| Initial contact (°) | -6.94±5.94 | -0.34±7.27 | -13.52±10.075 | -2.51±6.31 | 0.003* | - | - | 0.196 | 0.008* |
| Peak loading response (°) | -10.90±.5.32 | -4.60±2.8 | -16.43±9.91 | -6.97±3.75 | 0.018* | - | - | 0.409 | 0.013* |
| Angle during loading response (°) | -3.95±3.55 | -5.18±6.081 | -2.91±3.76 | -4.45±6.64 | 0.343 | 0.913 | 0.662 | - | - |
| Maximum dorsiflexion in single stance (°) | 14.61±5.59 | 18.23±4.57 | 10.048±6.18 | 14.011±4.10 | 0.889 | 0.006* | 0.056 | - | - |
| Maximum plantar flexion in preswing (°) | -0.86±7.20 | 2.82±6.27 | -2.11±10.86 | -0.89±5.040 | 0.257 | 0.651 | 0.412 | - | - |
| Maximum dorsiflexion in swing (°) | 5.50±7.48 | 6.95±6.51 | -.26±9.53 | 4.70±3.69 | 0.109 | 0.368 | 0.168 | - | - |
| Ankle joint moment | |||||||||
| Maximum dorsiflexion in loading response (Nm/BW) | -91.24±66.38 | -124.15±82.00 | -55.46±47.47 | -129.87±99.78 | 0.011* | - | - | 0.118 | 0.052 |
| Maximum plantar flexion in stance (Nm/BW) | 1006.33±256.94 | 1087.87±395.60 | 944.21±175.006 | 1127.22±273.97 | 0.046 | - | - | 0.44 | 0.028 |
| Ankle joint power | |||||||||
| Minimum power in loading response (W) | -0.81±0.34 | -0.93±0.38 | -0.92±0.25 | -1.025±0.49 | 0.118 | 0.865 | 0.540 | - | - |
| Maximum power in pre swing (W) | 0.89±0.54 | 1.00±0.47 | 0.71(0.54) | 0.66±0.57 | 0.673 | 0.068 | 0.183 | - | - |
| Knee joint angle | |||||||||
| Initial contact (°) | 5.27±9.83 | 10.68±11.88 | 3.52±10.14 | 9.075±9.88 | 0.002* | - | - | 0.057 | 0.011 |
| Maximum extension in single stance (°)† | -3.30 (14.35) | -.80 (17.20) | -7.40 (11.35) | -6.50 (13.06) | - | 0.097 | 0.265 | - | - |
| Maximum flexion in swing (°) | 32.94±26.057 | 36.17±22.51 | 36.59±20.81 | 33.22±20.71 | 0.980 | 0.239 | 0.974 | - | - |
| Knee joint power | |||||||||
| Minimum power in preswing (W)† | 0.68 (1.35) | 0.65 (1.34) | 0.54 (1.095) | 0.42 (0.91) | - | 0.737 | 0.384 | - | - |
| Sagittal hip joint angle | |||||||||
| Initial contact (°) | 24.5±5.91 | 28.57±8.59 | 23.93±10.66 | 25.66±11.71 | 0.128 | 0.533 | 0.663 | - | - |
| Maximum extension in single stance (°) | -7.17±7.68 | -4.22±7.55 | -7.76± 14.15 | -6.94±13.98 | 0.230 | 0.492 | 0.751 | - | - |
| Maximum flexion in swing (°) | 30.71±6.81 | 34.51±7.41 | 29.84±10.002 | 26.61±12.93 | 0.884 | 0.090 | 0.300 | - | - |
| Frontal hip joint angle | |||||||||
| Abduction-adduction ROM | 11.31±5.51 | 9.32±3.89 | ll.ll±2.70 | 10.87±3.65 | 0.057 | 0.124 | 0.724 | - | - |
| Hip joint moment | |||||||||
| Maximum flexion in single stance (Nm/BW)† | 473.15 (684.6) | 462.30 (632.42) | 251.00 (308.65) | 153.00 (261.00) | - | 0.981 | 0.058 | - | - |
| Hip joint power | |||||||||
| Maximum power in preswing (W) | 1.008±0.76 | 0.78±0.44 | 0.77±0.51 | 0.62 ±0.41 | 0.049* | - | - | 0.186 | 0.149 |
| Pelvis | |||||||||
| Pelvic tilt ROM (°) | 7.97±4.29 | 9.075±5.54 | 7.62±2.42 | 6.76±1.58 | 0.861 | 0.173 | 0.436 | - | - |
| Pelvic obliquity ROM (°)† | 7.81 (3.13) | 7.77 (2.23) | 7.88 (4.21) | 8.022 (4.015) | 0.921 | 0.859 | 0.923 | - | - |
| Pelvic rotation ROM (°) | 11.67±6.59 | 13.52±6.76 | 12.37±4.37 | 11.077±3.86 | 0.827 | 0.222 | 0.716 | - | - |
| Thoracic | |||||||||
| Spine tilt ROM (°) | 7.47± 3.033 | 7.50±3.45 | 7.47±4.63 | 6.83±2.99 | 0.653 | 0.627 | 0.840 | - | - |
| Spine obliquity ROM (°)† | 8.87 (5.57) | 8.25 (4.45) | 8.30 (3.063) | 8.86 (2.45) | 0.974 | 0.513 | 0.991 | - | - |
| Spine rotation ROM (°) | 11.38±9.50 | 9.62±3.67 | 9.42±4.034 | 9.23±3.47 | 0.555 | 0.634 | 0.602 | - | - |
| AFO-PlfS: AFO with plantar flexion stop; AFO-PlfR: AFO with plantar flexion resistance; SSh: Standard shoe; RSh: Rocker shoe; GRF: Ground reaction force; BW: Body weight in kilograms; NCOM: Normalized center of mass (normalized to height); With AFO/WO (only SS): with AFO compared with no AFO (only SS); ROM: Range of motion; † Non-parametric data: median (interquartile range), interquartile range means the difference between 75th and 25th percentiles; * p<0.05. | |||||||||