Table 1.
Studies about viruses in renal cell carcinoma
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Ref.
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Study type
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Analyzed specimens
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Virus investigated
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Analysis method
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Positive specimens
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No. of cases and tumor type
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No. of controls and tissue type
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No. of positive cases and tumor type
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No. of positive controls and tissue type
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| Kim et al[18], 2005 | Retrospective | 73 RCC (22 clear cell; 18 papillary; 20 chromophobe; 10 sarcomatoid; 3 oncocytoma) | 18 non-neoplastic kidneys | EBV | EBER-ISH and PCRs (for EBNA-1 and EBNA-3C) | 5/73 (all sarcomatoid histology) (EBER-ISH)2; 4/73 (all sarcomatoid histology) showed amplification of EBNA-1 | 0/18 |
| Neirynck et al[17], 2012 | Case report | 1 RCC1 | 1 peritumoral tissue | BKV | IHC (for SV40 T antigen) | 65%-70% neoplastic cells | < 1% non-neoplastic cells |
| Salehipoor et al[19], 2012 | Retrospective | 49 RCC | 16 non-neoplastic kidneys | HPV; EBV; BKV; JCV | Nested PCR (virus DNA) | 7/49 HPV (5 clear cell; 1 chromophobe 1 mixed type) 0 EBV, BKV JCV | 0/16 |
| Bulut et al[16], 2013 | Retrospective | 50 RCC | 45 non-neoplastic kidneys | BKV | Nested PCR (BKV DNA) and RT-PCR (BKV mRNA) | 10/50 (Nested PCR) 8/50 (RT-PCR) | 2/45 non neoplastic kidneys (nested PCR, RT-PCR) |
| Farhadi et al[20], 2014 | Retrospective | 122 RCC (77 conventional; 26 papillary; 14 chromophobe; 1 collecting duct; 4 unclassified) | 96 peritumoral tissues, 19 non-neoplastic kidneys | HR-HPV | Nested PCR (HR-HPV DNA). IHC (for p16INK4a and L1 Capsid Protein); CSAC-ISH | 37/122 (17 clear-cell; 13 papillary; 4 chromophobe; 3 unclassified) (PCR). 24/118 (IHC for p16INK4a3) 0/118 (IHC for L1 capsid protein); 18/122 (CSAC-ISH) | 4/96 peritumoral tissues; 0/19 non-neoplastic kidneys (PCR); 16/94 peritumoral tissue (IHC for p16INK4a); 0/94 peritumoral tissue (IHC for L1 capsid protein); NA (CSAC-ISH) |
1
Allograft kidney.
2
EBER-positive signals were located only in the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes.
3
Human papillomavirus capsid protein.
RCC: Renal cell carcinoma; BKV: BK virus; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; HPV: Human papillomavirus; JCV: JC virus; HR-HPV: High-risk human papillomavirus; Nested PCR: Nested polymerase chain reaction; RT-PCR: Real-time polymerase chain reaction; IHC: Immunohistochemistry; EBER-ISH: EBV-encoded RNAs in situ hybridization; EBNA-1 and EBNA-3C: EBV-encoded nuclear antigen 1 and EBV-encoded nuclear antigen 3C; CSAC-ISH: Catalyzed signal-amplified colorimetric in situ hybridization; NA: Not available.