Table 2.
Ref.
|
Study type
|
Type of chronic viral infection
|
Study population
|
RCC histology
|
Mean age (yr)
|
Aim
|
Main results/conclusions
|
Gaughan et al[43], 2008 | Case series | HIV infection | 9 HIV-associated RCC1 | 2 papillary, 1 collecting duct, 6 clear cell | 48 | To describe the risk factors, clinical findings, pathology, and response to therapy in RCC patients infected with HIV | The clinical presentation and behavior of RCC in patients with HIV infection appeared similar to that of the HIV-negative population and that chronic immunosuppression plays a lesser role than age and exposure to risk factors |
Gordon et al[38], 2010 | Retrospective study | HCV infection | 67063 HCV-tested patients: 3057 HCV+ and 64006 HCV- | 17 RCC HCV+: 8 clear cell, 6 papillary, 2 mixed clear cell/papillary, 1 undifferentiated/other; 117 HCV-: 92 clear cell, 43 papillary, 9 mixed clear cell/papillary, 26 undifferentiated/other | 54 in HCV+, 63 in HCV- | To determine whether HCV infection confers an increased risk for developing RCC | RCC was diagnosed in 0.6% (17/3057) of HCV+ and 0.3% (117/64006) of HCV- patients. HCV infection confers a risk for the development of RCC: Overall HR for RCC among HCV patients 1.77 (95% confidence interval, 1.05-2.98; P = 0.0313) |
Wiwanitkit[42], 2011 | Bioinformatics analysis | HCV infection | NA | NA | NA | To assess the cause–outcome relationship between HCV infection and RCC using the bioinformatics network analysis technique | There might be a cause–outcome relationship between HCV infection and RCC via NY-REN-54 (the only one common protein) |
Gonzalez et al[39], 2015 | Prospective study | HCV infection | 140 RCC and 100 colon cancer patients (control) | NA | 56.7 in RCC patients with viremia, 61.8 in aviremic patients | To determine whether chronic HCV is associated with an increased risk of RCC | 11/140 RCC and 1/100 colon cancer patients were HCAB+. Of the HCAB+ patients, 9/11 RCC and 0/1 controls had detectable HCV RNA. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, being HCV RNA positive was a significant risk factor for RCC (P = 0.043) |
Wijarnpreecha et al[40], 2016 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | HCV infection | 196826 patients from 7 observational studies (4 cohort and 3 case-control studies). Individuals without HCV infection were used as comparators in cohort studies, individuals without RCC as comparators in the cross-sectional and case-control studies | NA | NA2 | To assess the risk of RCC in patients with HCV infection | Significantly increased risk of RCC in HCC+ with the pooled risk ratio of 1.86 (95%CI: 1.11-3.11) |
Ong et al[44], 2016 | Case series | HIV infection | 7 HIV-associated RCC1 | 5 clear cell, 1 papillary, 1 unknown | 56 | To report presentation, management and outcomes of RCC patients with HIV infection | RCC patients with HIV infection should be offered all treatment options in the same manner as the general population |
Tsimafeyeu et al[41], 2020 | Retrospective study | HCV infection | 44 mRCC patients: 22 HCV+, 22 HCV- | Clear cell | 62 in mRCC HCV+, 63 in mRCC HCV- | To evaluate Nivolumab efficacy and safety in mRCC patients with or without chronic HCV infection (OS primary endpoint, PFS, ORR and rate of grade 3–4 adverse events secondary endpoints) | HCV-infected patients had significantly longer OS (27.5 vs 21.7, P = 0.005) and PFS (7.5 vs 4.9, P = 0.013), no difference in ORR. Grade 3–4 adverse events were observed in 5 (23%) HCV+ patients and in 3 (14%) HCV- patients |
Human immunodeficiency virus infection before renal cell carcinoma (RCC) diagnosis.
Mean age not specified, but hepatitis C virus (HCV)+ RCC patients were significantly younger than HCV-RCC patients.
HCV: Hepatitis C virus; RCC: Renal cell carcinoma; mRCC: Metastatic renal cell carcinoma; HR: Hazard ratio; NA: Not available; HCAB: Hepatitis C antibody; RNA: Ribonucleic acid; OS: Overall survival; PFS: Progression-free survival; ORR: Objective response rate; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus.