Table 1.

Factors related to angiogenesis and immunity and studied as biomarkers in colorectal cancer

Factor	Biologic material	Pathway	Significance	Ref.
VEGF	Tissue, blood	Angiogenesis	Prognostic & predictive	Bendardaf et al[63] 2017, Des Guetz et al[7] 2006, Ferroni et al[64] 2006, Pascual et al[65] 2018, Tsai et al[66] 2013, Tsai et al[67] 2015, Boussios et al[68] 2019, Zygoń et al[23] 2017, Mohamed et al[69] 2019
VEGF polymorphism	Tissue, blood	Angiogenesis	Prognostic & predictive	Mousa et al[9] 2015
HIF-1α	Tissue	Angiogenesis	Prognostic	Baba et al[5] 2010
CTCs	Blood	Angiogenesis	Prognostic & predictive	Arrazubi et al[34] 2019, Burz et al[25] 2018, Cabel et al[28] 2017, Tan et al[33] 2018, Wang et al[35] 2019, Zhang et al[70] 2017
CTCs	Blood	Angiogenesis	Predictive	Nakamura et al[3] 2018
MicroRNA	Tissue, blood, stools	Angiogenesis	Prognostic & predictive	Balacescu et al[40] 2018, Boussios et al[68] 2019, Peng et al[41] 2017, To et al[38] 2018
MVD	Tissue	Immunity	Prognostic	den Uil et al[71] 2019, Des Guetz et al[7] 2006, Mohammed et al[72] 2020, Zhu et al[19] 2017, Zygoń et al[23] 2017

VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; HIF-1α: Hypoxia–inducible factor 1-alpha; CTCs: Circulating tumor cells; MVD: Microvascular density.